Anatomy Questions Flashcards
LIST THE ERECTOR SPINAE MUSCLES FROM LATERAL TO MEDIAL.
Lateral to medial orientations of erector spinae: I Love Spine
o Iliocostalis
o Longissimus
o Spinalis
- LIST THE ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES.
- Rotator cuff muscles: SITS o Supraspinatus o Infraspinatus o Teres minor o Subscapularis - All but supraspinatus depress the humerus (supraspinatus = abductor) to keep it from upwardly translating during abduction – prevents head of humerus from hitting acromion or coracoacromial ligament - Lateral rotation of teres minor and infraspinatus prevent greater tubercle from hitting acromion - Stabilize GH joint - Keep humeral head in joint
LIST THE COMPONENTS OF THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS. BE ABLE TO DRAW THE BRACHIAL PLEXUS!
Remember To Drink Cold Beer o Rami – ventral primary rami (C5 – T1) o Trunks – superior, middle, inferior o Divisions – anterior, posterior o Cords – lateral, posterior, medial o Branches
WHICH MUSCLES DOES THE RADIAL NERVE INNERVATE?
BEST o Brachioradialis o Extensors of wrist and fingers o Supinator o Triceps
WHICH MUSCLES DOES THE MEDIAN NERVE INNERVATE IN THE ARM?
The median nerve does not innervate any muscles in the arm – it gives off the anterior interosseus nerve in the cubital fossa
WHICH MUSCLE DOES THE MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE PIERCE IN THE ARM?
Musculocutaneous nerve
o Innervates all muscles of anterior compartment of arm
o Pierces coracobrachialis muscle
WHAT ANATOMICAL FEATURES CREATE THE SNUFF BOX?
Anatomical snuff box
o Formed by abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis longus
o Contents
▪ Radial artery
▪ Cephalic vein
▪ Superficial branch of the radial nerve
o Actual borders = extensor pollicis brevis and longus
- WHICH BONES IS THE FLEXOR RETINACULUM ATTACHED TO?
Flexor retinaculum
o A.k.a. transverse carpal ligament
o Roof of the carpal tunnel
o Attached to tubercle of scaphoid bone and pisiform bone
WHICH NERVES INNERVATE THE ANTERIOR, MEDIAL AND POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE THIGH?
o Anterior – femoral nerve (exception = iliopsoas – femoral n. & lumbar plexus; pectineus = femoral n. & obturator n.)
o Medial – obturator nerve (exception = adductor magnus – obturator n. & tibial n.)
o Posterior – sciatic nerve
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS OF THE FEMORAL TRIANGLE, FROM LATERAL TO MEDIAL?
NAVL – anterior view – lateral to medial o Femoral Nerve o Femoral Artery o Femoral Vein o Femoral Lymphatics
LIST THE CONTENTS OF THE ADDUCTOR CANAL.
Contents of adductor canal
o Nerve to vastus medialis – Femoral Nerve
o Femoral artery (this only passes through hiatus)
o Femoral vein (this only passes through hiatus)
o Saphenous nerve
LIST THE BORDERS OF THE ADDUCTOR CANAL.
- Anterior: Sartorius
- Lateral: Vastus medialis
- Posterior: Adductor longus and adductor magnus
DESCRIBE THE TRAJECTORY OF THE PCL AND ACL.
(1) The PCL is the PAIN ligament
o Attaches to Posterior aspect of tibia
o Courses Anteriorly and INternally (medially) to attach to medial condyle of femur
(2) The ACL is the APEX ligament
o Attaches to medial and Anterior aspect of tibia
o Courses superiorly Posteriorly and Externally (laterally) to attach to lateral condyle of femur
LIST THE TENDONS PASSING ON THE MEDIAL SIDE OF THE ANKLE FROM VENTRAL TO DORSAL.
Tendons passing on medial side of ankle (ventral to dorsal) in flexor retinaculum: Tom Dick And Nervous Harry o Tibialis posterior o Flexor Digitorum longus o Posterior tibial Artery o Posterior tibial Nerve o Flexor Hallucis longus
LIST THE SCIATIC NERVE DIVISIONS AND THEIR ACTIONS.
Sciatic nerve divisions and actions: PED TIP
o Peroneal Everts and Dorsiflexes (if injured results in foot drop)
o Tibial Inverts and Plantarflexes (if injured can’t stand on TIP toes)
LIST THE BORDERS OF THE CUBITAL FOSSA.
- Border
o Superior imaginary border (line between lateral and medial epicondyles)
o Brachioradialis (lateral)
o Pronator teres (medial)
o Brachialis and supinator (floor)
o Biceps aponeurosis (roof) is NOT the same thing as biceps tendon
LIST THE CONTENTS OF THE CUBITAL FOSSA.
TAN o Biceps Tendon o Brachial Artery o Median Nerve o Bicipital aponeurosis
LIST THE 4 MUSCLES THAT ACT ON THE THUMB.
Thumb o E pollicis longus o EP brevis o Abductor pollicis longus o F pollicis longus
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE HAND WHEN EXTENSOR DIGITORUM CONTRACTS? WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
- When extensor digitorum (ED) contracts, hood pulled proximally → no MP flexion → intrinsics extend PIP and DIP simultaneously (mechanical coupling via extensor hood)
- When ED relaxed, lumbricals generate tension from point volar to MP joint and then can flex MP while extending PIP and DIP
- Why is this important? Tenodesis grip
WHAT IS GUYON’S TUNNEL?
Guyon’s tunnel
o Tunnel formed by pisiform, hamate hook and pisohamate ligament
o Transmits ulnar nerve and artery
WHICH MUSCLES HAVE ATTACHMENTS TO THE GREATER OR LESSER TROCHANTER?
- Greater trochanter attachments o Piriformis o Gluteus maximus o Gluteus minimus - Lesser trochanter o Iliopsoas
WHICH MUSCLES CREATE THE BOUNDARY OF THE POPLITEAL FOSSA?
Popliteal fossa o Boundaries ▪ Biceps femoris (superolaterally) ▪ Semimembranosus (superomedially) ▪ Gastrocnemius (inferomedially and inferolaterally by medial and lateral heads respectively)
THE SAPHENOUS NERVE AND SURAL NERVE ARE TERMINAL BRANCHES OF WHICH NERVES?
- Saphenous n – terminal branch of femoral n
- Sural n – branch of tibial n and common peroneal.
In front of the vertebral bodies. Connects them from the occipital bone to the sacrum. Secures intervertebral discs. Prevents hyperextension (whiplash)
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior aspect of vertebral bodies. Prevents hyperflexion and posterior protrusion of discs. Runs from C2 to sacrum and continuous with tectorial membrane (attached superiorly to occipital bone).
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Attaches tips of vertebral spinous processes
Supraspinous ligaments
Yellow in colour and connects vertebral lamina (between transverse and spinous processes)
Ligamentum flavum
Connect vertebra spines
Interspinous ligaments
Thickening of pia mater on lateral sides between nerve roots. Adheres to arachnoid and dura. Laterally stabilizes spinal cord
Denticulate ligament
Vertical stabilization of spinal cord. Elongation off lower end of spinal cord inferior to pia mater.
Filum terminale
Symphyses (cartilaginous) – intervertebral discs between vertebral bodies; weight-bearing and strength. Synovial joint between articular processes. Cartilaginous and synovial joints between vertebral bodies
Joints
Radial nerve injury in upper arm; paralysis of extensors.
Wrist Drop
Mechanism on injury is often falling on palm.
Scaphoid Fracture
Median nerve injury at level of elbow; impaired PIP and DIP at first 3 fingers, therefore no finger flexion.
Hand of Benediction
Ulnar nerve injury at wrist; impaired intrinsics so no PIP and DIP extension.
Claw Hand
Ulnar collateral ligament sprain. Caused by forced radial deviation of MCP of the thumb.
Skier’s thumb
Distal radius fracture
Colle’s Fracture
Most mobile and shock absorbing; attaches to the calcaneus, talus, all cuneiforms, and 1,2,3 metatarsals
Medial Longitudinal Arch
Attaches to the calcaneus, cuboid, 4,5 metatarsals; weight bearing.
Lateral longitudinal Arch
Forms posterior arch; connects the distal row of tarsals and bases of metatarsals
Transverse Arch
Stabilizes medial longitudinal arch
Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
Support longitudinal arches; form tunnel for tendon of fibularis longus
Long and short plantar ligaments
Divides foot into medial, lateral, central compartments
Plantar aponeurosis
