Anatomy pre-practical lecture Flashcards
What 4 compartments are made in the neck from compartmentalisation by the deep fascia?
Deep cervical fascia
Prevertebral fascia
Pretracheal fascia
Carotid sheath
How many bones make up the skull?
Skull = cranium (8 bones)+ facial skeleton (14 bones)
How many bones make up the cranium of the skull?
8 bones
How many bones make up the facial skeleton?
14 bones
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
- Skin
- Connective tissue
- Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle
- Loose connective tissue
- Pericranium
Why does the scalp bleed profusely?
The connective tissue in 2nd layer of the scalp prevents vasoconstriction – so wounds on the scalp bleed profusely
What blood vessels in the scalp are clinically important and why?
Emissary veins are valveless veins that traverse diploe/skull and can spread infection intracranially. Found often in loose connective layer, which is often referred to as the “danger zone” because of the easy way infection can spread through veins in this layer
What is the pericranium?
The pericranium is the periosteum of the skull bones and provides nutrition to the bone and the capacity for repair. Most internal layer of the scalp. It may be lifted from the bone to allow removal of bone windows (craniotomy).
What nerve innervates the face?
CN V
What nerves innervate the back of the head and neck ?
Cervical nerves
C2-5
Describe what kind of fibres are found in the 3 divisions of CN V
o V1 – Purely sensory
o V2 – Purely sensory
o V3 – Sensory + motor
What nerve supplies parasympathetic innervation to all salivary glands except the parotid gland?
Facial nerve
What structures pass through the parotid duct?
- External Carotid artery
- Retromandibular vein
- Facial nerve
What divides the two large triangle of the neck?
Sternocleidomastoid
What does the carotid sheath contain, and how you can identify each by their location?
Carotid sheath contains:
o Carotid arteries – most medial
o Internal Jugular Vein – most lateral
o Vagus nerve – most posterior
At what vertebral level in the neck does the common carotid artery split into the ICA and ECA?
Splits at level C5/thyroid cartilage
How can you tell apart the internal and external jugular veins in the neck?
Internal jugular vein (IJV) - Big vein running alongside the carotid arteries in the neck draining blood from brain
External Jugular vein (EJV) is the thin vein draining much of the region external to the cranial cavity.
(So named because Internal or External to SCM muscle)
What plexus innervates the skin and muscles of the neck?
Cervical plexus - ventral rami of C1-5
What travels through the mental foramen of the mandible?
Mental foramen - terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and vessels (the mental artery)
What travels through the mandibular foramen of the mandible?
Mandibular foramen – mandibular nerve
What are the muscles of mastication?
Temporalis
Masseter
Lateral and medial pterygoids
What are the superficial muscles of mastication?
Temporalis and masseter
What are the deep muscles of mastication?
Lateral and medial pterygoids
Describe the attachments of the lateral and medial pterygoids
- Lateral pterygoid runs towards the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
- Medial pterygoid is parallel to the masseter but the masseter is attached to the outer surface of the mandible and the medial pterygoid to the inner surface.
- On the sphenoid bone, there is a medial and a lateral pterygoid plate.
- Both the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles attach to the lateral pterygoid plate
What bones form the nasal septum?
o Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
o Vomer
Define conchae/turbinates and their meatuses
- Projections medially into the cavity are called conchae/turbinates – superior, middle and inferior
- A meatus is the space that lies underneath the projecting concha
What opens into the spheno-ethmoid recess?
Sphenoid sinus
What opens into the superior meatus?
Posterior ethmoidal air cells
What opens into the middle meatus?
Maxillary sinus
Frontal sinus
Anterior ethmoidal air cells
Middle ethmoidal air cells
What opens into the inferior meatus?
Nasolcarimal duct
Describe the innervation of the frontal sinus
CN V1
Describe the innervation of the maxillary sinus
CN V2
Describe the innervation of the ethmoidal sinuses
CN V1
Describe the innervation of the sphenoidal sinuses
CN V1 and V2
What is the groove along the middle going down the tongue called?
Median sulcus
What marks the end of the median sulcus?
Foramen caecum - marks beginning of terminal sulcus
Which papillae of the tongue have tastebuds?
Circumvalate
What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and their bony attachments?
o Mandible - genioglossus
o Hyoid - hyoglossus
o Styloid - styloglossus
o Palate - palatoglossus
What is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Alter tongue position
What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Alter tongue shape. This provides shape and helps facilitate speech, swallowing, and eating.
Describe the innervation of the extrinsic and intrinsic tongue muscles
Innervation – all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles (except the palatoglossus) is innervated by the Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Palatoglossus innervated by vagus nerve
Which tongue muscle is the only not to be innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?
Palatoglossus - vagus
Describe the sensory innervation of the tongue
Anterior 2/3rds - general sensory from CN V3 and special sensory via chordae tympani of CN VII (facial nerve)
Posterior 1/3rd - general and special sensory from glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Describe the innervation of the muscles of the pharynx
Innervation by Pharyngeal plexus: IX, X
o IX innervates stylopharyngeus
o X innervates all the rest
What is the only complete ring of cartilage of the larynx?
Cricoid cartilage
Describe the innervation of the muscles of the vocal cord
All except one muscle are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve
The cricothyroid muscle (which tenses and elongates the vocal cord) is supplied by the superior laryngeal nerve
