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Head and Neck > Anatomy of the ear > Flashcards

Anatomy of the ear Flashcards

1
Q

What % of ENT work is related to the ears?

A

60-65%

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2
Q

Describe the anatomy of the external ear

A

pinna and external auditory canal, concha, tragus

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3
Q

Describe the anatomy of the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes

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4
Q

Describe the anatomy of the inner ear

A

cochlea and semicircular canals

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5
Q

What foreign body would make it a clinical emergency?

A

Batteries or magnets

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6
Q

Describe the epithelium of the external auditory canal and pinna

A

Stratified keratinized epithelium

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7
Q

How long is the external ear canal in adults?

A

4cm

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8
Q

Describe the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane

A

– Outer layer is continuous with skin of EAC
– Middle fibrous layer
– Inner layer of respiratory epithelium (ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells)

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9
Q

What is the diameter of the tympanic membrane?

A

1cm

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10
Q

What should be seen on inspection of the tympanic membrane?

A
  • Cone of light – if there is a disruption can suggest change of shape
  • Pars tensa – tense portion of tympanic membrane
  • Pars flaccida – flaccid portion of tympanic membrane
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11
Q

Name the ossicles

A

Malleus incus and stapes

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12
Q

What can cause disruption of the ossicles?

A

Disruption can be from trauma or bony sclerosis (otosclerosis)

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13
Q

List the 6 segments of CN VII

A

6 segments of facial nerve
– Intracranial
– Meatal segment (passes through internal auditory meatus)
– Labyrinthine segment
– Tympanic segment (runs through fallopian tube. 10% of which are dehiscent i.e. nerve passes within mucosa instead of bony canal)
– Mastoid segment
– Extratemporal segment

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14
Q

What muscles receive motor supply from the facial nerve?

A

– Stapedius
– Posterior belly of digastric
– Stylohyoid

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15
Q

What does the facial nerve innervate?

A

Motor supply to the muscles of facial expression
– Stapedius
– Posterior belly of digastric
– Stylohyoid

Taste anterior 2/3rds of tongue from chorda tympani

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16
Q

What operation is needed for grommet insertion?

A

The operation to insert a grommet involves a myringotomy and is performed under local or general anesthesia

17
Q

Whats the other name for a grommet?

A

Tympanostomy tube

18
Q

What is Cholesteatoma?

A

Abnormal collection/growth of skin in the middle ear
– Keratinized squamous epithelium in the wrong place

Can be congenital or acquired

Cause problems because they grow and are destructive
Can result in the destruction of the ossicles, as well as their possible spread through the skull into the brain

19
Q

Describe how hearing works specifically in middle and inner ear

A
  • Function of middle ear is transduce vibration into nervous impulses
  • Foot of stapes vibrates in oval window
  • Causes pressure wave through fluid in cochlear
  • This is detected by hair cells in organ of corti
  • Transmitted to brainstem (junction of pons and medulla) by CN VIII
20
Q

What are the semicircular canals responsible for?

A

• Semicircular canals are responsible for detecting head rotation

vestibulo-ocular reflex

21
Q

What is the saccule responsible for?

A

Saccule – detects linear acceleration in vertical plane

22
Q

What is the utricle responsible for?

A

Utricle – detects linear acceleration in horizontal plane

23
Q

What provides sensation to the middle ear?

A

Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

AKA Jacobsons nerve.

24
Q

What provides sensation to posterior half of EAC?

A

Auricular branch of vagus nerve (CN X) AKA Arnolds nerve

25
Q

What is the function of the auricular branch of vagus nerve (CN X) AKA Arnolds nerve?

A

provides sensation to posterior half of EAC

26
Q

What is the function of the tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) AKA Jacobsons nerve?

A

provides sensation to posterior half of EAC

27
Q

What innervates the anterior half of the EAC?

A

Facial nerve

28
Q

What is the function of the facial nerve?

A

Provides sensation to anterior half of the EAC

29
Q

What innervates the pinna?

A

Pinna

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