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Brain and Behaviour Anatomy > Anatomy Pratical 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Pratical 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

name the foramen of the middle meningeal artery

A

foramen spinosum

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2
Q

The middle meningeal artery is a branch of which artery?

A

Maxillary artery from external carotid artery

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3
Q

Which bones make up the pterion?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal sphenoid

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4
Q

What type of intracranial hemorrhage is associated with bleeding from the middle meningeal artery?

A

Extradural (Epidural) hematoma

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5
Q

Which bones make up the cranial bones? What is their function?

A

Frontal parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid and sphenoid Protection of the brain

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6
Q

Which bones make up the facial bones? What is their function?

A

Maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, zygomatic, mandibular Mastication and phonation

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7
Q

Which bone articulates with all cranial bones?

A

sphenoid

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8
Q

What 3 structures make up the nasal septum (Hint: 2 bones, 1 cartilage)?

A

Ethmoid and vomer (bones) nasal cartilage

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9
Q

Which bones make up the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa?

A

Frontal start of sphenoid
Sphenoid, start of temporal
Temporal and Occipital

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10
Q

What brain structures are found in the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae?

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe and parietal
Occipital lobe and cerebellum and brain stem

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11
Q

What endocrine structure is found in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?

A

Pituitary gland

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12
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Fibrous membrane and the meeting point of 3 or more cranial bones

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13
Q

How many vertebrae are present in each vertebral section?

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral (fused)
4 coccygeal (normally fused)
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14
Q

What are some differential features of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae?

A

Cervical bifid spinous process, oval vertebral body, foramen in transverse process, triangular vertebral foramen
Thoracic inferior projecting spinous process, heart shaped vertebral body, articular facets for ribs on vertebral body and transverse process, round vertebral foramen
Lumbar blade like spinous process, kidney shaped vertebral body, oval vertebral foramen

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15
Q

Which 2 CN attach on the forebrain?

A

CN I (olfactory), CN II (optic)

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16
Q

Where to the remaining CN originate from

A

Brainstem

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17
Q 
Decide whether these nerves are sensory/motor/mixed:
CNV 
CN VII
CN IX 
CNX 
CN XII
A 
CNV mixed
CN VIImixed
CN IX mixed
CNX mixed
CN XIImotor
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18
Q

What are the names of the 3 branches of CN V?

A

V1 ophthalmic
V2 maxillary
V3 mandibular

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19
Q

What muscles are innervated by CN V. Which branch innervates those muscles?

A

Muscles of mastication

V3 mandibular

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20
Q

What are the names of the 5 motor branches of CN VII?

A

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical

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21
Q

Which nerve is responsible for taste of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani (CN VII facial)

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22
Q

Which nerve is responsible for taste of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

CN IX glossopharyngeal

23
Q

Which nerve is responsible for general sensation within the oral cavity?

A

CN V V2 (maxillary) to roof of oral cavity and teeth of upper jaw, V3 (mandibular) to tongue and floor of oral cavity and teeth of lower jaw

24
Q

Which nerve is responsible for tongue movements?

A

CN XII hypoglossal

25
Q

Which nerve(s) is/are responsible for the gag reflex? (Initiation vs execution?)

A

Afferent CN IX

Efferent CN X

26
Q

CN VII travels through which gland?

A

parotid

27
Q

Which CN innervates the parotid gland?

A

CNIX

28
Q

Which CN innervates the submandibular and sublingual gland?

A

CNVII

29
Q

Where does CN X travel in the neck?

A

In carotid sheath with common carotid and internal jugular

30
Q

CN X enters the abdomen together with what other structure?

A

oesophagus

31
Q

Accessory nerve palsy would lead to which symptoms?

A

Drooping shoulder (paralysed trapezius) loss of full abduction Weakness in turning head (paralysed sternocleidomastoid)

32
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal area?

A

31 pairs

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

33
Q

At which vertebral level do we find a mismatch between the number of spinal nerves and vertebrae?

A

CERVICAL

34
Q

How do the ventral rami of T2-T12 differ from the remaining ventral rami along the spinal cord?

A

they do not enter a plexus

35
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

36
Q

What is the difference between a spinal and a peripheral nerve?

A

A peripheral nerve is general term for any nerve that is outside of the central nervous system and includes cranial nerves and spinal nerve
A spinal nerve leaves the spinal cord

37
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Where spinal nerves mix

38
Q

Give an example of nerves that synapse in the prevertebral ganglion.

A

Celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia

39
Q

Why are the white rami communicantes (WRC) called WRC?

A

They contain both heavily myelinated and some thinly myelinated or unmyelinated axons

40
Q

Where is the caudal equine usually located

A

Cauda equine are the dorsal and ventral nerve roots that exit from the lumbar, sacral and coycgeal soinal cord it is therefore found inferior to the conus medullaris of the spinal cord

41
Q

what does the film terminate do

A

The filum terminale tethers the spinal cord so that the spinal cord does not move upwards bend you bend forward.

The denticulate ligaments do a similar task for the spinal nerves as they exit the spinal cord and leave to form peripheral nerves, they prevent too much movement and stress on the nerve root.
They are enlargements at the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cord due mainly to increased muscles needing motor neurons to innervate them. In addition the cervical region has more white matter.

42
Q

what do denticulate ligaments do

A

They are extensions of the pia and arachnoid that attaches laterally to the dura preventing excessive lateral movement of the spinal cor

43
Q

what are the 2 main enlargements in the spinal cord, and why are they there

A

Cervical and lumbar expansions as these regions have more motor neurons that are needed to innervate the muscles in the upper and lower limbs

44
Q

Where is the needle inserted to perform a lumbar puncture? And why?

A

Inserted into subarachnoid space to collect CSF

45
Q

Is there an age-related problem with lumbar punctures, and if so, why? Think of both older and younger patients.

A

Spinal cord extends further down the vertebral column in the young (spinal cord moves superior relative to the vertebrae as the vertebra grows). In the elderly the vertebral column gets shorter because of dying out of the IV disc and osteoporosis of the vertebral bodies, meaning again the spinal cord is a little lower than normal.

46
Q

Why are lumbar punctures performed?

A

For diagnosis of possible sub-arachnoid hemorrhage or meningitis
For therapeutic reasons to produce anesthesia or to inject chemotherapy drugs into CSF

47
Q

What are common risk factors of lumbar punctures?

A

Headaches, irritation of spinal nerve roots in cauda equine, leakage of CSF,

48
Q

The vertebral artery is a branch of which main artery?

A

Subclavian arteries

49
Q

Where does the vertebral artery travel in the neck?

A

Through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae

50
Q

The 2 vertebral arteries anastomose to from which main artery?

A

Basilar artery

51
Q

The vertebral arteries are the main blood supply for which parts of the brain?

A

Brainstem, cerebellum, inferior parts of temporal lobes and occipital lobes

52
Q

In the thoracic region, which arteries would supply the radiculospinal arteries?

A

intercostals

53
Q

What symptoms would a patient present with if the anterior spinal artery is blocked

A

Complete motor paralysis below the level of the lesion due to interruption of the corticospinal tract
 Loss of pain and temperature sensation at and below the level of the lesion due to interruption of the spinothalamic tract

 Autonomic dysfunction may be present and can manifest as hypotension
(either orthostatic or frank hypotension), sexual dysfunction, and/or bowel and
bladder dysfunction]
 Areflexia, flaccid internal and external anal sphincter, urinary retention and
intestinal obstruction may also be present in individuals with anterior cord syndrome.

Brain and Behaviour Anatomy (4 decks)

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