Anatomy Pratical 1 Flashcards
name the foramen of the middle meningeal artery
foramen spinosum
The middle meningeal artery is a branch of which artery?
Maxillary artery from external carotid artery
Which bones make up the pterion?
Frontal, parietal, temporal sphenoid
What type of intracranial hemorrhage is associated with bleeding from the middle meningeal artery?
Extradural (Epidural) hematoma
Which bones make up the cranial bones? What is their function?
Frontal parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid and sphenoid Protection of the brain
Which bones make up the facial bones? What is their function?
Maxilla, nasal, lacrimal, vomer, palatine, zygomatic, mandibular Mastication and phonation
Which bone articulates with all cranial bones?
sphenoid
What 3 structures make up the nasal septum (Hint: 2 bones, 1 cartilage)?
Ethmoid and vomer (bones) nasal cartilage
Which bones make up the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa?
Frontal start of sphenoid
Sphenoid, start of temporal
Temporal and Occipital
What brain structures are found in the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae?
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe and parietal
Occipital lobe and cerebellum and brain stem
What endocrine structure is found in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?
Pituitary gland
What are fontanelles?
Fibrous membrane and the meeting point of 3 or more cranial bones
How many vertebrae are present in each vertebral section?
7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral (fused) 4 coccygeal (normally fused)
What are some differential features of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae?
Cervical bifid spinous process, oval vertebral body, foramen in transverse process, triangular vertebral foramen
Thoracic inferior projecting spinous process, heart shaped vertebral body, articular facets for ribs on vertebral body and transverse process, round vertebral foramen
Lumbar blade like spinous process, kidney shaped vertebral body, oval vertebral foramen
Which 2 CN attach on the forebrain?
CN I (olfactory), CN II (optic)
Where to the remaining CN originate from
Brainstem
Decide whether these nerves are sensory/motor/mixed: CNV CN VII CN IX CNX CN XII
CNV mixed CN VIImixed CN IX mixed CNX mixed CN XIImotor
What are the names of the 3 branches of CN V?
V1 ophthalmic
V2 maxillary
V3 mandibular
What muscles are innervated by CN V. Which branch innervates those muscles?
Muscles of mastication
V3 mandibular
What are the names of the 5 motor branches of CN VII?
Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical
Which nerve is responsible for taste of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
Chorda tympani (CN VII facial)
Which nerve is responsible for taste of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
CN IX glossopharyngeal
Which nerve is responsible for general sensation within the oral cavity?
CN V V2 (maxillary) to roof of oral cavity and teeth of upper jaw, V3 (mandibular) to tongue and floor of oral cavity and teeth of lower jaw
Which nerve is responsible for tongue movements?
CN XII hypoglossal
Which nerve(s) is/are responsible for the gag reflex? (Initiation vs execution?)
Afferent CN IX
Efferent CN X
CN VII travels through which gland?
parotid
Which CN innervates the parotid gland?
CNIX
Which CN innervates the submandibular and sublingual gland?
CNVII
Where does CN X travel in the neck?
In carotid sheath with common carotid and internal jugular
CN X enters the abdomen together with what other structure?
oesophagus
Accessory nerve palsy would lead to which symptoms?
Drooping shoulder (paralysed trapezius) loss of full abduction Weakness in turning head (paralysed sternocleidomastoid)
How many pairs of spinal nerves are found in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal area?
31 pairs
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
At which vertebral level do we find a mismatch between the number of spinal nerves and vertebrae?
CERVICAL
How do the ventral rami of T2-T12 differ from the remaining ventral rami along the spinal cord?
they do not enter a plexus
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
What is the difference between a spinal and a peripheral nerve?
A peripheral nerve is general term for any nerve that is outside of the central nervous system and includes cranial nerves and spinal nerve
A spinal nerve leaves the spinal cord
What is a nerve plexus?
Where spinal nerves mix
Give an example of nerves that synapse in the prevertebral ganglion.
Celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia
Why are the white rami communicantes (WRC) called WRC?
They contain both heavily myelinated and some thinly myelinated or unmyelinated axons
Where is the caudal equine usually located
Cauda equine are the dorsal and ventral nerve roots that exit from the lumbar, sacral and coycgeal soinal cord it is therefore found inferior to the conus medullaris of the spinal cord
what does the film terminate do
The filum terminale tethers the spinal cord so that the spinal cord does not move upwards bend you bend forward.
The denticulate ligaments do a similar task for the spinal nerves as they exit the spinal cord and leave to form peripheral nerves, they prevent too much movement and stress on the nerve root.
They are enlargements at the cervical and lumbar regions of the spinal cord due mainly to increased muscles needing motor neurons to innervate them. In addition the cervical region has more white matter.
what do denticulate ligaments do
They are extensions of the pia and arachnoid that attaches laterally to the dura preventing excessive lateral movement of the spinal cor
what are the 2 main enlargements in the spinal cord, and why are they there
Cervical and lumbar expansions as these regions have more motor neurons that are needed to innervate the muscles in the upper and lower limbs
Where is the needle inserted to perform a lumbar puncture? And why?
Inserted into subarachnoid space to collect CSF
Is there an age-related problem with lumbar punctures, and if so, why? Think of both older and younger patients.
Spinal cord extends further down the vertebral column in the young (spinal cord moves superior relative to the vertebrae as the vertebra grows). In the elderly the vertebral column gets shorter because of dying out of the IV disc and osteoporosis of the vertebral bodies, meaning again the spinal cord is a little lower than normal.
Why are lumbar punctures performed?
For diagnosis of possible sub-arachnoid hemorrhage or meningitis
For therapeutic reasons to produce anesthesia or to inject chemotherapy drugs into CSF
What are common risk factors of lumbar punctures?
Headaches, irritation of spinal nerve roots in cauda equine, leakage of CSF,
The vertebral artery is a branch of which main artery?
Subclavian arteries
Where does the vertebral artery travel in the neck?
Through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae
The 2 vertebral arteries anastomose to from which main artery?
Basilar artery
The vertebral arteries are the main blood supply for which parts of the brain?
Brainstem, cerebellum, inferior parts of temporal lobes and occipital lobes
In the thoracic region, which arteries would supply the radiculospinal arteries?
intercostals
What symptoms would a patient present with if the anterior spinal artery is blocked
Complete motor paralysis below the level of the lesion due to interruption of the corticospinal tract
Loss of pain and temperature sensation at and below the level of the lesion due to interruption of the spinothalamic tract
Autonomic dysfunction may be present and can manifest as hypotension
(either orthostatic or frank hypotension), sexual dysfunction, and/or bowel and
bladder dysfunction]
Areflexia, flaccid internal and external anal sphincter, urinary retention and
intestinal obstruction may also be present in individuals with anterior cord syndrome.
