Anatomy Practical 2 Flashcards
what is the clinical significance structure of the right main bronchus
- it is vertical
- objects go down the right bronchi whereas left is horizontal so they are more likely to go down the right
describe the cartilaginous ring in the trachea
360 degrees
describe the cartilaginous ring in the bronchi
plaques
which structures make up the hilum of the lung
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary vein
- bronchus lobar
- pulmonary lympahtic vessels
how many bronchopulmonary segments are there
There are 10 bronchopulmonary segments in the right lung (3 in superior lobe, 2 in middle lobe, 5 in inferior lobe) and 9 segments on the left (4 in upper lobe, 5 in lower lobe).
what is the blood supply to the lungs
- The bronchi, connective tissue and the visceral pleura receive their blood supply from the bronchial arteries (systemic arteries from the descending aorta).
- Bronchial veins drain to the azygos and hemiazygos veins (but also communicate with the pulmonary veins).
- The alveoli receive deoxygenated blood from the terminal branches of the pulmonary arteries. The oxygenated blood leaving the alveolar capillaries drain to the tributaries of the pulmonary vein.
where do the lymph vessels originate from
The lymph vessels originate in superficial and deep plexuses; they are not present in alveolar walls.
where does the superficial plexus lie
The superficial plexus (sub-pleural) lies beneath the visceral pleura and drains over the surface of the lung to the lung hilum. (Often they contains carbon deposit, giving the lungs their darker appearance.)
where does the deep plexus lie and where does it drain
The deep plexus travels along the bronchi and pulmonary vessels toward the hilum of the lung, passing through pulmonary nodes located in the lung, and the lymph then enters the bronchopulmonary nodes which are concentrated around the lung hilum.
where does all lymph from the lung drain into
All the lymph from the lung leaves the hilum and drains into the tracheobronchial nodes and then into bronchomediastinal lymh trunk
where is the nerve supply of the lungs
At the root of each lung is a pulmonary plexus composed of efferent and afferent autonomic nerve fibres. The plexus is formed from branches of the sympathetic trunk (T1-T5) and receives parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerve
what is the effect of sympathetic innervation to the bronchi, bronchial and pulmonary vessels
sympathetic system
= bronchi - bronchiodilation
- bronchial - bronchodilaiton
- pulmonary vessel - vasoconstriction
what is the effect of parasympathetic innervation to the bronchi, bronchial and pulmonary vessel
bronchi = bronchoconstriction
bronchial = bronchoconstriction
pulmonary vessels = vasodilation
pulmonary glands = mucus secretion
how is the diaphragm attached to the thorax
1) The sterna part
2) The costal part
3) The lumbar part (the crura)
describe where the right and left dome of the diaphragm reach
The right dome reaches as high as the upper border of the 5th rib, and the left dome reaches the lower border of the 5th rib
how does the vagus nerve pass through the diaphragm
- it passes through the diaphragm with the oesophagus
what is the two functions of the diaphragm
- separates it from the abdominal cavity
- takes part in inspiration
what type of muscle is the diaphragm
skeletal muscle
what type of nerve is the phrenic nerve
Somatic nerve
what direction to the fibres of the external intercostal muscle pass and what is there function
- quiet inspiration
- inferoanteriorly
what direction do the fibres of the internal and innermost intercostal muscles pass and what is there function
- forced expiration
- inferoposteriory
what are the surface markings for the hozitonal fissure
Runs horizontally from the sternum, at the level of the 4th rib, to meet the oblique fissure.
what are the surface markings for the oblique fissure
The fissure extends on the left from the tip of the spinous process of the T3 vertebra inferiorly around the thorax to the level of sixth costochondral junction anteriorly.
what happens if air enters the pleural space
pneumothorax
what is the difference between a pneumothorax and a tension pneumothorax
- tension pneumothorax is where there is a mediastinal shift of the organs in the mediastinum, it is also when each time you breath air leaves the pleural space
how is a tension pneumothorax treated
needle decompression into the 2nd intercostal space midclavicular line
then a chest drain, 5th intercostal space mid axillary line
what is considered a normal CTR
less than 50%
what are the two causes the emphysema
Tobacco smoke.
Marijuana smoke.
Air pollution.
Chemical fumes and dus
what is the cause of hyperinflamtion in the emphysema
- this is when the alveoli breath in the air but they haven’t got enough elastic tissue in order to deinflate the tissue therefore the air is trapped and is not expelled
what happens to pulmonary arterial pressure in an emphysemic patient
increases
what are the risk factors of TB
Infection with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS and weakens the immune system
Diabetes mellitus
Low body weight
Head or neck cancer, leukemia, or Hodgkin’s disease
Some medical treatments, including corticosteroids or certain medications used for autoimmune or vasculitic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, which suppress the immune system.
Silicosis, a respiratory condition caused by inhaling silica dust.
- population that you live in
- living in crowded conditions
