Anatomy Practical 1 Flashcards
What are the divisions of the mediastinum?
Superior and inferior divided by the transverse thoracic plane at T4/T5
What structures does the superior mediastinum contain?
Arch of aorta - brachiocephalic, L common carotid, L subclavian arteries
Thymus, trachea, oesophagus, thoracic duct, sternohyoid, sternothyroid muscles
Sympathetic trunk, phrenic nerve, vagus nerve
SVC - brachiocephalic vein
azygos veins
What are the roots of the phrenic nerve?
C3,4,5
Where does the phrenic nerve travel in the neck?
Lateral to the anterior scalene, then anteriorly, the R and L then differ
What do you look at when identifying structures on chest X-rays?
Date & patient info
Quality of x-ray - both costophrenic angles, equal distance from clavicle to spinous process, well positioned with trachea midway, visible disc spaces
AP vs PA - which ribs are more clear anterior or posterior, can you see spinous process then would be PA
Chest soft tissues for breast shadow
Check all bones for fractures and metastases
Diaphragm - R should be 1 inch higher than L, costophrenic & cardiophrenic angles should be clear
Mediastinum - borders, hilum, aortic arch, trachea and main bronchi, pulmonary vessels
Lung fields
What is a transthoracic echocardiogram?
which is a still or moving image of the internal parts of the heart using ultrasound, probe usually placed on chest to get different views of the heart
How does coronary angiography work?
Radio opaque dye is injected and x-rays are taken to visualise the anatomy of the coronary vasculature
What is angina pectoris?
Angina due to coronary artery disease
What is an aortic aneurysm?
A permanent localised dilation of the aorta with a diameter of at least 1.5 times normal. The most common cause is atherosclerosis and syphilis (for thoracic aortic aneurysms)
Where do aneurysms usually occur?
Just above the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta.
How does inflammation of the valves occur?
Edges cusp to stick together, fibrous thickening later, loss of flexibility and shrinkage, narrowing, regurg, heart ceases to function as a pump
How many acute rheumatic fever patients will develop chronic valvular disease?
Over 50%
What are non-cardiac manifestation in rheumatic fever due to?
Antibodies cross reacting with host tissues so can affect the brain, joints and skin
How does rheumatic fever affect the brain?
St Vitus Dance
Syndenhams chorea
How does rheumatic fever affect the joints?
polyarthiritis
