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Nursing > Anatomy & Physiology- Pure Basics > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology- Pure Basics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

How the body is

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

What the body does

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3
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

Controls the passage of substances moving in & out the cell

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4
Q

What does the ribosome do?

A

Synthesises proteins from amino acids using an RNA template

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5
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Packages & stores synthesised proteins

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6
Q

What does SER do?

A

Synthesises lipids & steroid hormones

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7
Q

What does RER do?

A

Folds and packages proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus

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8
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

A process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells

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9
Q

What are neuroglian cells?

A

They are cells that provide developmental, physiological, and metabolic support for neurons.

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10
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

It absorbs shock and provides structural support

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11
Q

Why is a RBC concave?

A

To increase the surface area for oxygen

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12
Q

What shape is a cardiac cell and why?

A

It is striated (stretched) to allow contraction

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13
Q

What do kidney tubule cells do?

A

They control water & salt excretion

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14
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A

Connective, epithelial, muscle, & nervous

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, smooth & cardiac

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16
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Often line body cavities

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17
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Binds, supports and protects

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18
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cell suicide

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19
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Cell damage/disease

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20
Q

Which cells have the longest lifespan?

A

Muscle and nerve, closely followed by RBC

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21
Q

Which cell was the shortest lifespan?

A

Gut epithelium, closely followed by platelets

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22
Q

How does aging effects cells?

A

It slows down mitosis so cells that die aren’t always replaced. Apoptosis can also either stop (forming tumours), or increase ( causing diseases)

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23
Q

What must be kept constant to protect a cell?

A

Oxygen & Carbon dioxide levels, chemical constitution, temperature and osmotic pressure

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24
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

They detect a pressure change in the artery walls

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25
Q

What is the general rule for too high or too low?

A

Hypo = too low
Hyper = too high

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26
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

The response of the body is to reverse the original stimulus

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27
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

The response of the body is to enhance the original stimulus

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28
Q

What detects temperature change in the body?

A

The skin & hypothalamus

29
Q

How does the body control blood glucose levels?

A

An increase is picked up by islet cells in the pancreas which then secrete insulin to reduce levels.
A decrease is defected by islet cells in the pancreas which then secrete glucagon to increase levels.

30
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The study of how the disease process affects the normal functioning of living organisms

31
Q

What are pinocytic vesicles?

A

Pocket like folds in the membrane which allow protein and fut mole cute to enter the cell

32
Q

What is blood comprised of?

A

Erythrocytes (RBC), Leukocytes (WBC), plasma and platelets

33
Q

What does the blood carry?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and nutrients

34
Q

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

35
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

36
Q

What are the types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

37
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Kill bacteria

38
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Kill parasitic worms

39
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Attract other WBC’S

40
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Fight viruses & tumours

41
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Become macrograges and engulf pathogens

42
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Tiny projections that cover the exposed surface of certain types of cell. They greatly increase the surface area, and maximise absorption of nutrients from the small intestine

43
Q

What happens in the G1 phase?

A

The cell grows in size and volume

44
Q

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

A

G1, S and G2

45
Q

What happens in the S phase?

A

The chromosomes replicate, forming two identical copies of DNA

46
Q

What happens in the G2 phase?

A

There is further growth and preparation for cell division.

47
Q

What does superior mean?

A

At the top

48
Q

What does anterior mean?

A

At the front

49
Q

What does posterior mean?

A

At the back

50
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

On the outside

51
Q

What does media mean?

A

Towards the midline of the body?

52
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

Nearer the surface

53
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Nearer the trunk or point of origin

54
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Further from the trunk or point of origin

55
Q

What does flexion mean?

A

Decreasing the angle

56
Q

What does abduction mean?

A

Taking the limb away from the body

57
Q

What does addiction mean?

A

Taking the structure towards the midline of the body

58
Q

What is lateral rotation?

A

External rotation

59
Q

What is medial rotation?

A

Internal rotation

60
Q

What is supine?

A

Laying down

61
Q

What are the benefits of skin-to-skin contact?

A
  • Releases endorphins
  • Calms and relaxes both
  • Regulates baby’s HR and temperature
  • Releases oxytocin
62
Q

What is hypoglycaemia?

A

Low blood sugar

63
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low oxygen levels

64
Q

What are the 9 stages of neonatal behaviour? + Aid memoir

A

Big cry, Relaxation, Awakening, Activity, Rest, Crawling, Familiarisation, Suckling, Sleep.
Big Red Apples Are Really Crunchy For Small Seals.

65
Q

How do we create an environment that encourages oxytocin release after birth?

A

Quiet, private & dark

66
Q

How do we create an environment that encourages prolactin release after birth?

A

Mum and baby have to be together

67
Q

What is so special about human milk?

A

It’s matched to the needs of the baby, it has live constituents and it protects the baby’s gut

68
Q

What does IgD do?

A

Combats discuses without causing inflammation

Nursing (5 decks)

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