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Head and Neck > Anatomy/Physiology of Throat > Flashcards

Anatomy/Physiology of Throat Flashcards

1
Q

Name the six different compartments of the throat

A
  • Nasal cavity
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oral cavity
  • Oropharynx
  • Larynx
  • Hypopharynx
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2
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Referred to as the throat, it is a muscular tube to connect the mouth and nose to the oesophagus

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3
Q

Name the two salivary ducts in the oral cavity

A

Sublingual and submandibular (located under the tongue)

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the oral cavity?

A
  • Oral vestibule (between lipid and teeth)

* Oral cavity proper

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5
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A
  • Lips to palatoglossal arch (anterior pillar)
  • Palate to floor of mouth/tongue
  • Buccal mucosa
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6
Q

What are the three major salivary glands in the mouth?

A
  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
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7
Q

What is anatomical location and features of the submandibular gland?

A
  • Superior to the digastric muscle

* Each gland is divided into superficial and deep lobes, which are separated by the mylohyoid muscle

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8
Q

What nerve supplies general somatic afferent innervation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

The lingual nerve

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9
Q

What is the origin of the lingual nerve?

A

The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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10
Q

What are five functions of the oral cavity?

A
  • Taste
  • Mastication (teeth, tongue)
  • Speech (tongue, cheek, lips)
  • Digestion (salivary enzymes)
  • Swallowing (tongue, hard and soft palate)
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11
Q

What are the two parts of the tongue?

A
  • Anterior 2/3

* Posterior 1/3

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12
Q

What two nerves innervate the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

From 1st brachial arch:
• Sublingual - sensation
• Chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve) - taste

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13
Q

What nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

From 3rd brachial arch:

• Glossopharyngeal neve (CN IX)

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14
Q

Do filiform papillae contain taste buds?

A

No

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15
Q

What are the three types of papillae present on the tongue?

A
  • Fungiform
  • Filiform
  • Circumvallate
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16
Q

What is the role of papillae on the tongue?

A

They contain taste buds, with the exception of the filiform, which allow us to differentiate between sweet, salty, bitter, sour and umami (or savory) flavors

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17
Q

What are the two types of muscles in the tongue and what are their general actions?

A
  • Intrinsic muscles (alter shape)

* Extrinsic muscles (alter position)

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18
Q

Name the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  • Genioglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Palatoglossus
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19
Q

What nerves innervate the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Cr. N. XII: hyoglossal nerve (supplies all EXCEPT hyoglossal)

Hyoglossal muscle innervated by pharyngeal plexus (Cr. N. IX-X)

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20
Q

What four muscles are involved in mastication?

A 
They act on the TMJ:
• Lateral pterygoid
• Medial pterygoid
• Temporalis
• Masseter
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21
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

A

Cr. N. V3 - mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

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22
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A
  • Lower border of soft palate to upper margin of epiglottis
  • Palatoglossal arch to posterior pharyngeal wall
  • Lateral: faucial pillars & palatine tonsils
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23
Q

What epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

A

Stratified, non-keratinised squamous

24
Q

What nerve supplies the oropharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus - Cr. N. IX + X

25
Q

What arteries supply the hypopharynx?

A
  • Superior thyroid artery
  • Lingual artery
  • Ascending pharyngeal artery
26
Q

What nerve innervated the hypopharynx?

A

Pharyngeal plexus - Cr. N. IX + X

27
Q

What are the boundaries of the hypopharynx?

A
  • Superior margin of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid cartilage
  • Continuous with oesophagus
  • Anterior: back of larynx
28
Q

What are the 3 subsites of the hypopharynx?

A
  • Pyriform sinus
  • Post-cricoid area
  • Posterior pharyngeal wall
29
Q

What are the 3 phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Oral
  2. Pharyngeal
  3. Oesophagus
30
Q

What occurs during the oral phase of swallowing?

A

Tongue proper food (bolus) into pharynx –> triggers swallowing reflex (afferent: CN V, IX, X - swallowing centre in medulla - efferent: CN VII, X, XII)

31
Q

What occurs during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A
  1. Soft palate pulled upwards
  2. Epiglottis covers larynx, vocal cord approximate, larynx moves upward
  3. UOS relaxes
  4. Respiration inhibited
32
Q

What occurs during the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A
  1. Once bolus passed UOS, the sphincter constricts

2. Bolus propelled downwards by peristaltic motion, reflex via myenteric plexus

33
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A
  • Part of resp tract
  • Voice
  • Swallowing
34
Q

What are the 3 parts to the larynx?

A
  • Supraglottis - epiglottis tip to floor of ventricular fold)
  • Glottis - true vocal cords to 5mm below vocal cords)
  • Subglottic - 5mm below to inferior border of cricoid cartilage
35
Q

What are the 4 segments of cartilage in the larynx?

A
  • Cricoid cartilage
  • Thyroid cartilage
  • Epiglottis
  • Paired antenoid cartilages (corniculate and cuneiform)
36
Q

What are the extrinsic muscle of the larynx?

A
  • Infrahyoid
  • Suprahyoid
  • Thyrohyoid
37
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A
  • Posterior crico-arytenoid
  • Oblique arytenoid
  • Transverse arytenoid
  • Lateral crico-arytenoids
  • Thyroid-arytenoids
38
Q

What is the action of posterior arytenoids in the larynx?

A

Abducts/opens cords

39
Q

What is the action of oblique arytenoids?

A

Closes cords by drawing together arytenoids

40
Q

What is the action of the transverse arytenoid muscles?

A

Closes cords by drawing together arytenoids

41
Q

What is the action of the lateral cricoid-arytenoids?

A

Abduct/close cords by rotating arytenoids medially

42
Q

What is the action of the thyro-arytenoids?

A

(And vocals) loosen cords by drawing together the thyroid cartilage & arytenoids

43
Q

What is the general action of the extrinsic muscles on the larynx?

A

Move the entire laryngeal complex

44
Q

What is the general action of the intrinsic muscles?

A

Regulate of vocal folds

45
Q

What nerve provides motor innervation to the larynx?

A

All intrinsic muscles supplied by reccurent laryngeal nerve, expect for criothyroid muscle (external laryngeal nerve)

46
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the different cmpt larynx?

A
  • Supraglottic: internal laryngeal nerve

* Glottic and subglottic: recurrent laryngeal nerve

47
Q

Why does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve have a higher risk of injury during operative chest procedures?

A

Loops around the aortic arch instead of the right subclavian artery

48
Q

What is the Cours of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

At the level of the greater cornu of the hyoid, the superior laryngeal nerve divides into an internal and an external branch. The internal branch travels with the superior laryngeal artery through the thyrohyoid membrane and allows supraglottic sensation and increased airway protection.

The external branch supplies subglottic mucosal sensation and motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscle

49
Q

What are the 5 different phases of speech?

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Phonation
  3. Resonation
  4. Articulation
  5. Prosody
50
Q

Describe respiration phase of speech

A
  • Source of energy: air flow

* Inhalation and exhalation

51
Q

Describe phonation phase of speech

A

Flow of air through different VC position, tension, vibration & length

52
Q

Describe resonation phase of speech

A
  • Oral/nasal speech balance

* Depend on nasopharynx, nasal cavity & oral cavity

53
Q

Describe articulation phase of speech

A

Production of speech, determined by action of lips, tongue and jaw

54
Q

Describe prosody phase of speech

A
  • Production of syllable stress and emphasis

* Provide effective speech tone

55
Q

What is a prosody?

A

Rhythm,stress and intonationofspeech. It is associated with Brodmann areas 44 and 45 (Broca’s area) of the left frontal lobe.

Head and Neck (12 decks)

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