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Anatomy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nose?

A
  • Traps dirt
  • Respiration
  • Humidification of inspired air
  • Olfaction (smell)
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2
Q

What is the nose made up of?

A
  • External nose has a bony framework from which the nasal and septal cartilages extends
  • Nasal cavity
  • Palate forms the floor
  • Nasal bone forms roof
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3
Q

What is the function of the larynx?

A
  • Open valve in respiration
  • Partially closed valve whose orifice can be modulated in phonation
  • Closed valve, protecting the trachea and bronchial tree during deglutition
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4
Q

What are the three parts of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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5
Q

Where does the trachea begins?

A

Lower border of the larynx (cricoid cartilage at C6)

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6
Q

Which to bones form the nasal septum?

A

Vomer and ethmoid

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7
Q

What is the clinical significance of a nasal septum deviation with regards to drainage of paranasal air sinuses?

A

Sinuses open into meatus (under turbinates), so an obstruction would cause blockage of drainage. This would result in a build up of mucus and fluid in sinuses -> congested and painful

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8
Q

Name five parts to the ethmoid bone

A
  1. Cribriform plate
  2. Crista gali (falx cerebri attachment)
  3. Central plate
  4. Superior and inferior turbinates
  5. Ethmoid air cells
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9
Q

What kind of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa which Iines most of the nasal cavity?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar

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10
Q

What epithelium is the roof of the nasal cavity lined by?

A

Olfactory mucosa

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11
Q

Which cranial nerve, responsible for sense of smell, innervates the olfactory mucosa?

A

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

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12
Q

What are the projections from the ethmoid bone called?

A

Turbinates (or concha) and the space beneath them is called a meatus

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13
Q

What is the name given to the space above the superior concha in the nasal cavity?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

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14
Q

What arteries supply the nose?

A

Branches from ophthalmic artery and branches from ECA

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15
Q

What is the venous drainage of the nose?

A

Venous plexus

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16
Q

What implications does the rich vascular supply of the nose have?

A

Make epistaxis more common

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17
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Group of airfield spaces that surround the nasal cavity

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18
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Lighten skull

* Humidify inspired air

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19
Q

What epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses and why is it important?

A

Respiratory mucosa

This is significant as can lead to URT infections spreading to them –> sinusitis

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20
Q

What opens into the superior meatus?

A

Posterior ethmoid air cells

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21
Q

What opens into the sphenoethmoidal recess?

A

Sphenoid sinus

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22
Q

What opens into the middle meatus?

A
  • Maxillary sinus
  • Frontal sinus
  • Anterior ethmoidal air cells
  • Middle ethmoidal air cells
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23
Q

What opens into the inferior meatus?

A

Nasolacrimal duct

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24
Q

Name with CN V nerve innervated the frontal, maxillary and the sphenoid air sinuses

A
  • Frontal - V1
  • Maxillary - V2
  • Ethmoidal - V1
  • Sphenoid - V1 + 2
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25
Q

What two important structures lie in the nasopharynx?

A
  • Collection of lymphoid tissue in roof and posterior walls - adenoids or nasopharyngeal tonsils
  • Orifice of the Eustachian tube (level with floor of nose) - the posterior lip is prominent sue to underlying cartilage and the salpingopharyngeus muscle
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26
Q

What are the features on the mandible?

A
  • Condyloid process
  • Coronoid process
  • Mandibular foramen
  • Mandibular angle
  • Mental foramen
  • Mylohyoid line
  • Mental tubercle
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27
Q

What anatomical changes have occurs to edentulous mandibles due to bone resorption?

A
  • Loss of alveolar sockets
  • Mental foramen lies closer to superior edge
  • Absence of teeth
  • Thinning of ramps and body of mandible
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28
Q

Name the number of different types of deciduous teeth

A
  • Incisor - 8
  • Molar - 8
  • Canines - 4
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29
Q

Name the number of different types of permanent teeth

A
  • Incisor - 8
  • Canines - 4
  • Molar - 8
  • Premolar - 12
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30
Q

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

A

Modified hinge joint - bicondylar articulation

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31
Q

What are the two articular processes that form the temporomandibular joint?

A

Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the condyloid process of the mandible

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32
Q

Name 5 movements that occur at the temperomandibular joint

A
  • Elevation
  • Depression
  • Protrusion
  • Retraction
  • Side to side
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33
Q

Name the muscles of mastication

A
  • Masseter
  • Medial pterygoid
  • Lateral pterygoid
  • Temporalis
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34
Q

What are the bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?

A
  • Temporal fossa

* Ramus and coronoid process of mandible

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35
Q

What are the features of the temporaries muscle fibres and what effect does this have on the action of the mandible?

A

Anterior fibres run vertically and the posterior fibres run more horizontal.

  • Anterior fibres -> elevation
  • Posterior fibres -> retraction
36
Q

What are the bony attachments of the master muscle?

A
  • Outer surface of the ramus and coronoid process of the mandible
  • Deep part attaches to zygomatic arch and the superficial part attaches to the maxillary process of zygomatic bone
37
Q

What is the action of the masseter muscle?

A
  • Elevation
  • Adduction
  • Protrusion
38
Q

How are the masseter and medial pteryoid muscles easily differentiated?

A

They are parallel to each other but the masseter is attached to the outer surface of the mandible and the medial pterygoid to the inner surface

39
Q

Two what structure do both the pterygoid muscles attach to?

A

Lateral pterygoid plates - lateral one to the lateral surface of it and the medial one to the medial surface of it

40
Q

What are the bony attachments of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A
  • Lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

* Joint capsule of the TMJ to insert onto the neck of the mandible and also the articular disc of the joint.

41
Q

What are the bony attachments of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A
  • Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

* Inner surface of the ramus of the mandible

42
Q

What are the actions of the ptarygoid muscles?

A
  • Lateral –> protraction
  • Medial –> elevation
  • Both at the same time –> elevation and protraction
43
Q

What depresses the mandible?

A

Suprahyoid muscles and gravity

44
Q

Name the supra hyoid muscles

A
  • Digastric
  • Mylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
45
Q

Which muscles elevate the mandible?

A
  • Medial pterygoid
  • Temporalis (anterior fibres)
  • Masseter
46
Q

Which muscles cause protrusion of the mandible?

A
  • Lateral pterygoid

* Masseter

47
Q

Which muscles cause retraction go the mandible?

A

Temporalis (posterior fibres)

48
Q

Which muscles cause side to side movements of the mandible?

A

Lateral and medial pterygoid muscles

49
Q

What nerves provides motor and sensory innervation to the muscles of mastication?

A

Madibular division of the trigeminal nerve - CN V3 (motor and sensory) which emerges through foramen ovale

50
Q

What branch of CN V3 enters the mandibular fossa?

A

Inferior alveolar to provide sensory innervation to the mandibular area

51
Q

What is the name of the space between the lips and teeth?

A

Vestibule of the oral cavity

52
Q

What nerve innervated the buccinator muscle?

A

Facial nerve CN VII

53
Q

What muscle of facial expression causes closing the the lips?

A

Orbicularis oris

54
Q

What is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called?

A

Oropharyngeal isthmus

55
Q

Name the bones of the hard palate

A

Maxillary and palatine

56
Q

Name five muscles found in the soft palate

A
  • Tensor veli palatini
  • Levator veli palatini
  • Palatoglossus
  • Palatopharyngeus
  • Masculus uvulae
57
Q

What is the nerve supply to the muscles in the soft palate?

A

All are vagus nerve except tensor v. palatine which is innervated by CN V3

58
Q

What are the collective actions of the muscles in the soft palate?

A

Elevates soft palate so that it is in contact with posterior wall of pharynx (seals of nasopharynx) when swallowing or breathing through mouth

59
Q

What are the boundaries of the oropharynx?

A
  • Anterior - palatoglossal arches
  • Superior - uvula
  • Inferior - tip of epiglottis
  • Contain palatine tonsils on lateral walls
60
Q

Name three functions of the tongue

A
  • Moving food during chewing
  • Taste and deglutition
  • Articulation
61
Q

What structure divides the tongue into anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3?

A

Terminal sulcus (V shaped)

62
Q

What is the significance of the foramen caecum that is in the terminal sulcus of the tongue?

A

Proximal part of the embryonic thyroglossal duct from which the thyroid gland developed

63
Q

What are the projections on the surface of the tongue called?

64
Q

What are the different types of papillae on the tongue?

A
  • Filliform (no taste buds)
  • Fungiform
  • Circumvalate
65
Q

What is the name of the submucosal lymphoid tissue collection in the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Lingual tonsils

66
Q

What is the inferior surface of the tongue covered by?

A

Smooth mucous membrane

67
Q

What is the name of the fold which fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Lingual frenulum

68
Q

What is found on either side on the frenulum of the tongue?

A

Opening of the duct of the submandibular salivary gland

69
Q

What nerve supplies general sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal

70
Q

What nerve supplies special sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

Chorda tympani - branch of facial nerve

71
Q

What nerve supplies general sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

72
Q

What nerve supplies special sensation to the posterior 1/4 of the tongue?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

73
Q

What are the two different types of muscles within the tongue?

A
  • Intrinsic - originate and insert in tongue

* Extrinsic - attach from tongue to surrounding bone or soft palate

74
Q

Where are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue found?

A

The dorsum of the tonuge

75
Q

What are the actions of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Change tongue shape

76
Q

What are the actions of hr extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

Change position of the tongue

77
Q

Name four extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A
  • Genioglossus
  • Hyoglossus
  • Styloglossus
  • Palatoglossus
78
Q

What is the attachment and action of genioglossus muscle?

A
  • Inner surface of the mandibles.

* Protrudes tongue to opposite side

79
Q

What is the attachment and action of hyoglossus?

A
  • Upper border of mandible

* Depresses tongue

80
Q

What is the attachment and action of styloglossus?

A
  • Styloid process to the superolateral sides of the tongue

* Retracts tongue

81
Q

What is the attachment and action of palatoglossus?

A
  • Soft palate

* Helps narrow oropharynx when swallowing

82
Q

If nerve innervating the right genioglossus is damage (causing muscle paralysis) which direction would you expect the patient’s tongue to deviate if you ask them to protrude your tongue?

83
Q

What nerve provides motor innervation to all but one muscle of the tongue (intrinsic and extrinsic)?

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) - does not innervate palatoglossus

84
Q

Name three large paired salivary glands

A
  • Parotid
  • Submandibular
  • Sublingual
85
Q

What nerve innervates the parotid salivary gland?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

86
Q

What nerve innervates the submandibular salivary gland?

A

Chorda tympani nerve (from facial nerve)

87
Q

What nerve innervate the sublingual gland?

A

Chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve)

Head and Neck (12 decks)

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