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Head and Neck > Anatomy 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts that the skull is divided into?

A
  1. Neuro-cranium
  2. Facial skull
  3. Mandible
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2
Q

Between which two bones does the sagittal suture lie?

A

Two parietal bones

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3
Q

Between which two bones does the coronal suture lie?

A

Frontal and parietal

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4
Q

Between which two bones does the lambdoid suture lie?

A

Occipital and parietal

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5
Q

Which bone is the mastoid process a part of?

A

Temporal

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6
Q

What bone is the zygomatic arch part of?

A

Temporal and zygomatic

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7
Q

What bone is the styloid process part of?

A

Temporal

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8
Q

Name two structures that pass through the foramen magnum

A
  1. Medulla (and spinal cord) and meninges

2. Right and left vertebral arteries

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9
Q

What is the function of air spaces and sinuses?

A

Decreases weight of the skull and humidification of air

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10
Q

Where are the ear ossicles found with relation to the temporal bone?

A

Within the petrous part of the temporal bone

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11
Q

Where is the superior nuchal line found?

A

Exterior surface of the occipital bone

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12
Q

What type of joint is found between the two bones of the zygomatic arch?

A

Fibrous (zygomaticotemporal suture)

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13
Q

Name the five layers of the scalp

A 
S - skin 
C - connective tissue 
A - aponeurosis of occipitofrontal muscle (epicranial aponeurosis)
L - Loose connective tissue 
P - pericranium (outer layer of bone)

(4th and 5th layers are not easily visible)

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14
Q

What muscles does the epicranial aponeurosis connect?

A

Anterior and posterior bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle

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15
Q

What is the action caused by contraction of the anterior belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle?

A

Raises eyebrows

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16
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the scalp

A

Two sources:
• Anterior part of scalp is supplied by trigeminal nerve (CN V)
• Posterior half of scalp is supplies by branches of C2 and C3 (both anterior and posterior rami)

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17
Q

In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels found?

A

Dense connective tissue

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18
Q

Why do wounds to the scalp bleed profusely?

A

The dense connective tissue retracts preventing vasoconstriction of arteries

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19
Q

What is dipole?

A

Spongy bone of the skull

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20
Q

Where do veins of the head anastomose?

A

With each other in the scalp, and with diploid veins in the skull bones through emissary veins (valveless)

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21
Q

What potentially grave complication could arise from scalp infections due to presence of emissary veins?

A

Infection spread intracranially

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22
Q

Are there any lymph nodes the scalp?

A

No, lymph drains away from scalp into lymph nodes in the head and neck

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23
Q

How do the muscles of facial expression differ from other skeletal muscles?

A
  • Lie superficially

* Don’t attach to bone, attach to other muscles

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24
Q

Name the muscles of facial expression

A
  • Orbicularis oris (around mouth)
  • Orbicularis occuli (around eye)
  • Buccinator
  • Occipitofrontal (occipital and frontal bellies)
  • Platysma
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25
Q

What nerve innervate the muscle of facial expression?

A

CN VII - facial nerve

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26
Q

Describe route of the facial nerve

A

Exits stylomastoid foramen and enters the parotid gland where it splits into its terminal branches which emerge from the anterior border of the gland and travel on side of face to muscle of facial expression

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27
Q

Name the three pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual

(But there are also numerous small, unpaired glands found in mucosa of soft palate, cheeks and tongue.

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28
Q

What are the boundaries of the parotid gland?

A

• Long base of gland by the anterior border of SCM
• Superiorly by the zygomatic arch
• Inferiorly to the angle of the mandible
• Anterior border lies over the master
Posteriorly gland extends to anterior of the external auditory meatus

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29
Q

What type of fibres are carries in the facial nerve?

A
  • Motor
  • Sensory fibres (special sense)
  • Parasympathetic
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30
Q

Name structures that pass through the parotid gland

A
  • External carotid artery
  • Facial nerve
  • Retromandibular vein
31
Q

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerves and what fibres do they carry?

A
  • V1 ophthalmic - purely sensory
  • V2 maxillary - purely sensory
  • V3 mandibular - sensory + motor
32
Q

Where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?

A

Through a small orifice opposite second maxillary molar tooth

33
Q

Does the parotid gland receive sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation?

A

Both - secretomotor from glossopharyngeal and sympathetic innervation cervical ganglia

34
Q

Describe pathway of facial artery on the face

A
  • Before enters face, it grooves the submandibular gland
  • Winds around the mandible
  • Masseter lies immediately posteriorly on the face
  • Ends near the medial aspect of the eye
35
Q

What are the four compartments that the neck is divided into?

A
  • Vertebral cmpt - prevertebral fascia: cervical vertebral and postural muscles
  • Vascular cmpt (one on each side) - carotid sheath: contains major blood vessels and vagus nerve
  • Visceral cmpt - pretracheal fascia: contains thyroid, parathyroid glands, pharynx, larynx, trachea & oesophagus

These are enclosed by an outer musculofascial collar

36
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle?

A
  • Superiorly: Inferior border of mandible
  • Anteriorly: midline of neck
  • Posteriorly: anterior border of SCM
37
Q

What are the contents of the anterior triangle?

A
  • Submandibular gland and lymphs nodes
  • Hypoglossal nerve
  • Mylohyoid nerve
  • Parts of facial artery and vein
  • Carotid arteries
  • Internal jugular vein
  • Vagus nerv
  • Thyroid gland
  • Larynx
38
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A
  • Inferiorly: clavicle
  • Anteriorly: posterior border of SCM
  • Posteriorly: anterior border of trapezius
39
Q

What are the contents of the posterior triangle?

A
  • External jugular vein
  • Omohyoid muscle (inferior belly)
  • Accessory nerve (CN XI)
  • Cervical plexus (emerge between the scalene muscles on the floor of the triangle)
40
Q

If the right SCM contracted, to which side would the head tilt and turn?

A
  • Tilt –> right

* Turn –> left

41
Q

What are the actions of the trapezius?

A

Superior part elevates, inferior part depresses and middle part retracts

42
Q

What cranial nerve innervates the SCM and trapezius?

A

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

43
Q

Name the four triangles that the anterior triangle can be further subdivided into?

A
  • Submental
  • Digastric / submandibular
  • Carotid
  • Muscular
44
Q

What are the boundaries of the submental triangle within the anterior triangle?

A

Mandible, midline of neck and the anterior belly of the digastric muscle

45
Q

What are the contents of the submental triangle within the anterior triangle?

A

Submental lymph nodes

46
Q

What are the boundaries of the submandibular triangle within the anterior triangle?

A

Mandible, anterior and posterior belly of digastric muscle

47
Q

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle within the anterior triangle?

A

Submandibular gland and facial artery and vein

48
Q

What are the boundaries of the carotid triangle within the anterior triangle?

A
  • Superior: posterior belly of digastric muscle
  • Anterior: superior belly of omohyoid
  • Posterior: SCM
49
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle within the anterior triangle?

A

Contents of neurovascular sheath - common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, hypoglossal and vagus nerves

50
Q

What are the boundaries of the muscular triangle within the anterior triangle?

A
  • Posterior: superior belly of omohyoid
  • Anterior: sternohyoid muscles
  • Inferior: SCM
51
Q

What are the contents of the muscular triangle within the anterior triangle?

A

Strap muscles of the neck: sternothyroid and sternohyoid muscles

52
Q

At what level does the common carotid artery divide into ICA and ECA?

A

C4

53
Q

Which of the ECA or ICA gives off branches in the neck?

A

ECA

54
Q

Which of the ECA or ICA is most lateral in the neck?

A

ICA

55
Q

What are the two terminal arteries (given off in the face) and within which gland are they given off?

A

Superficial temporal artery and maxillary artery within the parotid gland

56
Q

In relation to the SCM, where is the EJV?

A

Superficial to it

57
Q

What are the three parts of the hyoid bone?

A

Greater horn, lesser horn and body

58
Q

Name four muscles that are attached to the hyoid bone

A
  • Suprahyoid muscles
  • Infrahyoid muscles
  • Hyoglossus (muscle of tongue)
  • Middle pharyngeal constrictor (muscle of pharynx)
59
Q

Name four suprahyoid muscles

A
  • Mylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
  • Digastric
  • Stylohyoid
60
Q

What is the nerve supply of mylohyoid muscle?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve

61
Q

What is the nerve supply of geniohyoid muscle?

A

C1 via hypoglossal nerve

62
Q

What is the nerve supply of digastric muscle?

A
  • Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

* Facial nerve

63
Q

What is the nerve supply of stylohyoid muscle?

A

Facial nerve

64
Q

What is the collective action of the suprahyoid muscles on the mandible and hyoid bone?

A

Depresses mandible and elevates the hyoid bone

65
Q

Name the four infrahyoid muscles

A
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Omohyoid
  • Thyrohyoid
66
Q

What is the nerve supply of sternohyoid muscle?

A

C1-3 (ansa cervicalis)

67
Q

What is the nerve supply of sternothyroid muscle?

A

C1-3

68
Q

What is the nerve supply of omohyoid muscle?

A

C1-3

69
Q

What is the nerve supply of thyrohyoidmuscle?

A

C1 (hitches ride with hypoglossal nerve)

70
Q

What are the vertebral root values of the cervical plexus and where does it emerge?

A

C1-4 and between the anterior + middle scalene muscle (phrenic nerve emerges from this plexus)

71
Q

What is the ansa cervicalis?

A

Loop of nerves formed by C1-3 (C4 goes into the phrenic nerve)

72
Q

Name the parts of the thyroid gland

A

R + L lobe and the isthmus

73
Q

In which compartment of the neck is the thyroid gland in?

A

Visceral compt (pretracheal fascia)

Head and Neck (12 decks)

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