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Anatomy & Physiology > Anatomy & Physiology Muscle Study > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Muscle Study Flashcards

1
Q

Three Types of Muscles

A
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
  • Skeletal
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2
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Located- digestive tract, blood vessels, bladder, airways, uterus.
Non-striated
Involuntary (contracts naturally)

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3
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Located- Only in the heart
Involuntary (contracts naturally)

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4
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Attaches to bone & causes movement in body.
Appears stripped under a microscope.
Voluntary ( contrast at will)

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5
Q

Muscle Fibers

A
  • Long, thread-like appearence.
  • Muscle cells in these fibers contain MULTIPLE NUCLEI pressed against side of plasma membranes.
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6
Q

Muscle Fibers contain ______ Structures:

A

Sarcolemma - cell membrane

Myofibrils - fundamental role in muscle contraction

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ( endoplasmic reticulum) - activates muscle contraction mechanism when a muscle fiber is stimulated.

Myofilaments - proteins that for light & dark bands that makes muscle appear striated.

Transverse tubules - opens to the outside of muscle fiber & contain extracellular fluid, activates the muscle contraction mechanism when muscle fiber is stimulated.

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7
Q

Muscle Attachment

A

Skeletal muscle may appear in 1 of 2 ways

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8
Q

Direct Attachment

A

Muscle Fibers merge w/ the periosteum of bone to form a strong attachment.

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9
Q

Indirect Attachment

A

Epimyosium extends past the muscle as a tendon, which merges w/ the periosteum.

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10
Q

Muscle Movement

A
  • Prime movement
  • Synergists
  • Antagonists
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11
Q

Prime mover

A

Main muscle triggering the movement

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12
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles that assist the Prime Mover.

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13
Q

Antagonists

A

Muscles that oppose that action of the Prime Mover. Typically works to moderate speed/ range of movement to prevent injury.

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14
Q

How Muscles and Movement Work Together

A
  • When the Prime Mover contracts, the Antagonist must relax to give the Prime Mover control.

-Prime Mover for one movement = Antagonist for opposite movement.

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15
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Enlarging muscles ( ex. weight lifting).

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16
Q

Atrophy

A

Shrinking muscles (from lack of use).

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17
Q

Aerobic

A

Endurance (endurance exercise) stimulates the growth of blood vessels in the muscle. ( increases supply of oxygen & glucose for ATP production)

18
Q

Slow Twitch (Type 1)

A

a slower reaction to stimuli.
- contains a lot of mitochondria & rich blood supply for efficiency at using oxygen to generate ATP of energy
- responds slower but fires for a longer time before becoming fatigued.

19
Q

Fast Twitch (Type 2)

A

Better @ generating short bursts of speed/strength.
- Smaller amts of mitochondria & a poorer supply of blood, but can absorb/release calcium quickly.
- fatigues quicker than twitch fibers.

20
Q

Muscle Fatigue

A

Muscle loses ability to contract during strenuous exercise = fatigue.
- arises usually from electrolyte imbalances & decreased ATP levels
- muscle cramps are due to lack of ATP required to return calcium ions back to the Sarcoplasmic reticulum so muscle fibers can relax.

21
Q

Muscles are named according to:

A
  • Size
  • Shape
  • Location
  • Number of origins
    -Direction of muscle fibers
    -Action/Function
22
Q

Size of Muscles:

A

MAXIMUS- largest

MINIMUS- smallest

MAJOR- large

MINOR- small

LONGUS- longest

BREVIS- shortest

23
Q

Shape of Muscles

A

DELTOID- triangular

RHOMBOID- diamond shaped

SERRATUS- sawtoothed

TRAPEZIUS- trapezoidal

24
Q

Pectoralis

A

Chest

25
Q

Brachio

A

Upper arm

26
Q

Gluteus

A

Buttock

27
Q

Fermoris

A

Femur

28
Q

Sterno

A

Sternum

29
Q

Cleido

A

clavicle

30
Q

Mastoid

A

mastoid process

31
Q

Digiti

A

finger or toe

32
Q

Pollicis

A

thumb

33
Q

Number of Origins

A

Biceps- 2 origins

Triceps- 3 origins

Quadriceps- 4 origins

34
Q

Direction of Muscles

A

Rectus- straight

Transverse- across

Oblique- diagonal

35
Q

Action of Muscles

A

Adductor- adducts
Abductor- abducts
Flexor- flexes
Extensor- extends
Leviator- elevates

36
Q

Muscle Contraction

A

1) impulse reaches end of motor neuron, causing small vesticles to fuse w/ cell membrane & release a neurotransmitter: ACETYLCHOLINE (ACh) into the synaptic cleft.
2) ACh quickly diffuses across synaptic cleft, stimulating receptors in the sarcolemma, sending an electrical impulse over the sarcolemma & inward along the T-Tubules.
- causes the sacs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium.
3) Calcuim binds with the tropin on the actin filament to expose attachment points.
- in response, the myosin heads of thick filaments grab onto thin filaments and muscle contraction occurs.

37
Q

Muscle Relaxation

A

1) when nerve impulses stop arriving @ neuromuscular junction, ACh is no longer released.
2) An enzyme breaks down any remaining ACh while calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
2) w/ calcium removed, troponin and tropomyosin again prevent the myosin heads from hooking onto thin filaments & muscle fiber relaxes.

38
Q

Calcium & ATP

A

*calcium in required to prevent tropmyosin & tropin ( 2 protein molecules entwined in actin filament) from blocking the sites where the myosin head attaches.
*ATP provides energy which allow myosin heads to release their grip on actin filaments. The ATP splits, giving the myosin fuel to form new cross bridges.

39
Q

Strength of contraction

A

The nervous system controls strength of a contraction by:
Altering the FREQUENCY of the stimulus & altering the INTENSITY of the stimulus.

40
Q

Stimulus Frequency

A
  • When a muscle contracts several times in a row, the last contraction will be stronger than the first.
    (the sarcoplasmic reticulum doesn’t have time to completely reabsorb the calcium)
  • When the impulse releases the muscle fibers even faster. the fibers don’t have a chance to completely relax before the next impulse arrives.
    ( as a result, each subsequent contraction builds on the previous one.)
41
Q

Stimulus Intensity

A

A strong stimulus may stimulate all fibers in a motor nerve, causing nerve fibers to call on their accompanying muscle fibers to contract.
In contrast, a weak stimulus stimulates only a few nerve fibers, which creates a weaker response.

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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