Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 2&3 Flashcards
Cell
Smallest unit of life.
Responsible for multiple chemical reactions, makes up all living organisms & tissues in the body.
Membrane
Thin layer enclosing cell, filters what enters and exits cell.
Organelles
Small specialized structures designed to perform certain tasks.
Cytoplasm
(Gelatinous liquid inside cells)
- gel-like substances suspending organelles.
- includes rods and tubules that form a framework called the “CYTOSKELETON”
Nucleus
Houses genetic material & controls cellular activity.
Cell Membrane
- regulates movement of substances in and out of cells.
- selectively permeable
- irregular shaped to allow for more surface area
- made of liquids and proteins.
Nucleolus
Houses genome (cells control center)
Chromosome
Carries genetic information
Golgi Apparatus
Refines and packages protein
Mitochondria
Releases energy from nutrients
Lysosome
Organelles containing enzymes
Ribosome
Synthesizes protein
Support Function
Cells generally provide structural basis for organisms
Mitosis Function
All tissues grow via a process of cell multiplication
Transport Function
Cells getting rid of waste caused by processing nutrients and transport multiple chemicals in & out of the cell
Energy Function
All cells need energy to survive, in humans, this is respiration.
Metabolism Function
Chemical reactions processing energy which keep cells and organisms alive
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
Source of energy for use and storage at a cellular level (certain things must enter and exit the cell)
ACTIVE MECHANICS
Transports: move particles from low to high concentration
Endocytosis & Exocytosis: processes that move molecules in and out of cell w/o passing though membrane
PASSIVE MECHANICS
(no energy required)
Diffusion: molecules move from low to high concentration
Osmosis: Movement of water across semipermeable membrane
Filtration: Molecules move through membranes by random movement
CELL CYCLE
(A call forms & grows for a period of time before maturing enough to divide)
- increase in size
- copying DNA
- splits DNA in nucleus in 1/2 after preparation stage (interphase)
- cell divides & cycle repeats
Chemistry
Study of composition of matter
Matter
Everything that has weight and takes up space
Element
What all matter is made of
INORGANIC SUBSTANCES
Water
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Salts
Water
solvent that moves chemicals (blood) in body
Oxygen
Enters through respiration
carried by red blood cells
cellular organelles use it to release energy and drive metabolic process
Carbon Dioxide
Produces as waste product when metabolic process releases energy (respiration
Salts
Charged ions needed by tissues,
metabolic process uses; transportation of substances, muscle contraction, impulse conduction of nerve cells
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Lipids
Phospholipid
Proteins
Glycoproteins
Amino Acids
Carbohydrates
provides energy for cells
Sugars
Smallest carbohydrate molecules
Lipids
Insoluable in water but soluble in some organic substances
Phospholipid
Phosphate group & fatty acid portion of cell structure
Proteins
Structure/energy sources as receptors of cells
Glycoproteins
Formed protein and carbohydrates functioning as cell receptors
Amino Acids
Building blocks of proteins (20 types)
ORGANIC SUBSTANCES: NUCLEIC ACIDS
(Forms genes and takes part in protein synthesis)
Nucleotide
nucleic acids– DNA & RNA
Nucleotides
Contains a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases
2 Types of Nucleic Acids
RNA
DNA
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
