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JM A Level PE > Anatomy & Physiology: Energy Systems, Recovery and Environment > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology: Energy Systems, Recovery and Environment Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only form of USABLE energy in the body?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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2
Q

Which enzyme breaks down ATP?

A

ATPase

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3
Q

What does the breakdown of ATP result in?

A

ADP + P + ENERGY

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4
Q

What type of reaction is the breakdown of ATP?

A

Exothermic

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5
Q

What is an exothermic reaction?

A

A compound is broken down into smaller elements as energy is released

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6
Q

How long does the ATP stored in the body last?

A

Approximately 3 seconds

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7
Q

Which systems works to resynthesise ATP once the body’s stores run out?

A

ATP-PC system

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8
Q

What is the source of the ATP-PC system?

A

Phosophocreate (PC)

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9
Q

Which enzyme breaks down PC?

A

Creatine kinase

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10
Q

What does the breakdown of PC produce?

A

Creatine, Phopshate & ENERGY

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the energy produced through the breakdown of PC?

A

To help resynthesise ADP + P into ATP

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12
Q

Where does the coupled reaction involved in the ATP-PC system take place?

A

Muscle sarcoplasm

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13
Q

What three types of reaction are involved in the ATP-PC system?

A

Endothermic, Reversible, Coupled

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14
Q

What is an endothermic reaction?

A

When a group of elements combine to form a compound/the reaction ABSORBS energy

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15
Q

What is a coupled reaction?

A

Where the products of one reaction are used by another

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16
Q

Where is there an example of a coupled reaction in the ATP-PC system?

A

Where the products of the breakdown of PC (Exothermic) are used to resynthesise ADP into ATP (Endothermic)

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17
Q

How much PC is there stored in the body?

A

Approximately 8 seconds

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18
Q

Describe 5 advantages of the ATP-PC system

A
  • Provides ATP quickly
  • Provides energy for fast, high intensity activities.
  • No harmful by-products
  • PC readily available in muscle cell
  • No delay for oxygen
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19
Q

Describe 3 disadvantages of the ATP-PC system

A
  • Only a small amount of PC stored in muscle cells
  • Small amount of ATP is resynthesized (1 mole)
  • Only provides energy for maximum of 8-10 seconds
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20
Q

What is the energy yield of the ATP-PC system?

A

1:1

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21
Q

What is the main source/fuel for the Glycolytic System?

A

Stored muscle GLYCOGEN

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22
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts stored Glycogen into Glucose?

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase (GPP)

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23
Q

What is glucose converted into in the glycolytic system?

A

Pyruvic Acid

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24
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts glucose into pyruvic acid?

A

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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25
Q

What is also produced as a result of converting glucose into pyruvic acid?

A

2 ATP

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26
Q

If there insufficient oxygen, the glycolytic system is likely to be dominant. In this case what is pyruvic acid converted into?

A

Lactic acid

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27
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid?

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

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28
Q

What is the energy yield of the glycolytic system?

A

1:2

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29
Q

Where does the glycolytic system take place?

A

Muscle sarcoplasm

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30
Q

When does the glycolytic system begin to be dominant?

A

At around 10 seconds of intense exercise

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31
Q

Name 4 advantages of the glycolytic system.

A
  • Energy can be provided quickly for activities up to 3 minutes
  • Oxygen is not required so there is no delay
  • Large amount of stored glycogen can provide more ATP than stores of PC
  • Lactic acid can be recycled for further energy production
32
Q

Name 4 disadvantages of the glycolytic system.

A
  • Lactic acid (Hydrogen Ions) inhibits muscular contraction
  • OBLA (causes fatigue)
  • By product Lactic Acid reduces pH and prevents enzyme function
  • Relatively low ATP yield with long recovery
33
Q

What is OBLA and when does it usually occur?

A

Onset of Blood Lactate Accumulation: The point at which blood lactate levels significantly increase and fatigue sets in - 4mmol/l

34
Q

What happens when you reach the lactate threshold?

A

When lactate production exceeds rate of removal

35
Q

When sufficient oxygen is available, which energy system is could be dominant if the intensity is not high?

A

Aerobic system

36
Q

What happens to Pyruvic Acid instead of converting to lactic acid if oxygen is available?

A

It combines with Coenzyme A to become Acetyl CoA.

37
Q

How can you remember the path of Pyruvic Acid into the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

PCAOC (Peacock). Pyruvic acid + CoenzymeA = Acetyl CoA. Then, acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetic acid = Citric Acid

38
Q

What happens to Citric Acid in the aerobic system?

A

It enters the Kreb’s Cycle.

39
Q

Where does the Kreb’s Cycle take place?

A

Matrix of the Mitochondria.

40
Q

What are the three phases of the aerobic system?

A
  1. Aerobic Glycolysis
  2. Kreb’s Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
41
Q

What happens in the Kreb’s Cycle?

A

Citric Acid enters, Co2 is released, Hydrogen atoms are produced, 2ATP is produced, Oxaloacetic Acid is produced.

42
Q

Where does the Electron Transport Chain take place?

A

Mitochondria Cristae

43
Q

What is the first substance to enter the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Hydrogen

44
Q

What carries Hydrogen into the Electron Transport Chain?

A

NADs and FADs

45
Q

What do NADS and FADS become when they combined with Hydrogen?

A

NADH and FADH

46
Q

What happens in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Hydrogen in split into Hydrogen ions, which combine with Oxygen to produce H20 and 34 ATP.

47
Q

What is the energy yield of the aerobic system?

A

1:38
2 ATP from Aerobic Glycolysis
2 ATP from the Kreb’s Cycle
34 ATP from the ETC

48
Q

What other substance does the aerobic energy system use as a source/fuel?

A

Body fat

49
Q

What is the name of the fats that are used in the aerobic system?

A

Triglycerides (broken down by lipase) into Free Fatty Acids (FFAs)

50
Q

What is thus process known as?

A

Beta-oxidation

51
Q

What is an advantage of using fats as an energy source?

A

Much larger quantities of ATP are produced

52
Q

What are the disadvantages of using fats as an energy source?

A
  • Large amounts of oxygen are needed
  • It takes a long time
  • It can’t be relied upon for a sudden burst of high intensity activity
53
Q

Which energy systems contribute to physical activity?

A

They ALL contribute to ALL physical activity but one is likely to be dominant.

54
Q

What 5 factors contribute towards determining the dominant energy system?

A
  • Duration of activity
  • Intensity of activity
  • Availability of fuel source
  • Availability of oxygen
  • The fitness level/physiological adaptations of the performer
55
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

56
Q

What are the two components of recovery or EPOC?

A

Fast-Alactacid Recovery/Slow-Lactactic Recovery

57
Q

Which type of exercise has a higher oxygen demand and thus greater EPOC?

A

Anaerobic rather than Aerobic

58
Q

What are the processes behind alactic debt/recovery?

A
  • Fast recovery and occurs first
  • Consumes 1-4L of O2
  • Takes 1-3 minutes
  • Replenshises blood O2
  • Relinks oxygen in the muscle myoglobin
  • Replenishes ATP and PC stores
59
Q

What are the processes behind lactic debt/recovery?

A
  • Slower recovery and occurs second
  • Consumes 5-8L of O2
  • Takes between 1-24 hours
  • Removes lactic acid and replenishes glycogen
  • Provides energy for ventilation and circulation
  • Regulates temperature
60
Q

What are the work:rest ratios in the following scenarios?

  • Power/Explosive training
  • Lactate threshold
  • Aerobic work/Continuous training
A
  • 1:3
  • 1:2
  • 1:1
61
Q

What is the work:rest ratio for plyometric training?

A

1:5

62
Q

Identify 7 methods for to enhance recovery

A
  • Warm up
  • Active recovery (cool down)
  • Cooling aids
  • Intensity of training
  • Work: rest ratios
  • Tactics
  • Nutrition
63
Q

What height is considered at altitude?

A

1500m

64
Q

What is the minimum altitude necessary for optimal acclimatisation?

A

2000m

65
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of oxygen at altitude?

A

PPO2 is much lower.

66
Q

Identify 6 immediate impacts of altitude on the body (pre-acclimatization).

A
  • Within the first few hours of exposure to altitude
  • Blood volume decreases (by up to 25%)
  • SV decreases (increasing HR)
  • Slightly raises Q (cardiac output)
  • Rate of O2 diffusion decrease
  • Reduces Hb saturation
  • Increases breathing frequency
  • Maximal Q, SV and HR decreases
67
Q

What are the three main stages of altitude?

A
  1. Acclimatization
  2. Training
  3. Recovery
68
Q

What is the immediate impact of altitude on anaerobic performance eg. sprinting, throwing, jumping?

A

Either UNAFFECTED or performance IMPROVES depending on the event.

69
Q

What is the immediate impact of altitude on aerobic performance?

A

Performance DETERIORATES

70
Q

Do athletes have to spend the entire time at altitude?

A

No they can come down from altitude to sleep below an altitude of 300m.

71
Q

What immediate impacts does altitude have on lactic acid production?

A

Increases lactic acid production as a result of reduced oxygen and induces earlier OBLA.

72
Q

What is the normal human body temperature?

A

37 Degrees

73
Q

What negative impacts can heat have on the body?

A
  • Fluid loss
  • Dehydration
  • Reduced O2 to working muscles
  • Strain on CV system
  • Muscle cramps
  • Early fatigue
  • Increased mucous production
  • Airway constriction
  • Decreased volume of gas exchange
74
Q

What is cardiovascular drift caused by?

A

Dehydration caused by sweating as a result of the body cooling itself (thermoregulation).

This increases blood viscosity (thickness) which causes the heart to work harder to meet oxygen demand.

75
Q

What impact does cardiovascular drift have on the heart?

A

Increased HR

JM A Level PE (7 decks)

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