Anatomy + Physiology Flashcards
Which structures are connected by the Eustachian tube?
Middle ear + nasopharynx
Where does arterial supply for the face come from?
Internal and external carotid branches
Where does arterial supply for the neck come from?
External carotid and subclavian artery branches
Where does all venous drainage from the head and neck end up?
Internal jugular vein
Why can tonsillitis or pharyngitis present with earache?
Common sensory nerve supply –> CN IX
referred pain
Which part of the ear is affected in conductive hearing loss?
External or middle ear
Which part of the ear is affected in sensorineural hearing loss?
Inner ear
Which structures pass through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN VII (facial nerve) CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) Labyrinthine artery + veins
If the facial nerve’s parasympathetic supply is compromised, which symptoms occur?
Dry eye (lacrimal gland) Dry mucosa Dry mouth (salivary glands)
If the facial nerve’s special sensory supply is compromised, which symptoms occur?
Loss of taste to anterior 2/3rd of tongue
chorda tympani - branch of facial nerve
When examining the ear with an otoscope, which structure is responsible for the cone of light on the tympanic membrane?
Tip of the handle of the malleus forms the deepest concavity of the membrane –> called the umbo
What is the weakest + most flaccid area of the tympanic membrane?
Pars flaccida
What causes the bony bulge seen in the external auditory canal?
TMJ
Name the three bones in the middle ear?
Ossicles - malleus, incus, stapes
Which two muscles regulate movement of the ossicles?
Tensor tympanic
Stapedius
Name the structures of the inner ear and their functions
Cochlea - transduction of sound energy to electrical impulses
3 semicircular canals, utricle + saccule –> balance
What are the four major openings into the nasal cavity?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus
Which structures drain into the sphenoid-ethmoidal recess?
Sphenoidal air cells
Which structures drain into the superior meatus?
Posterior ethmoid sinuses
Which structures drain into the middle meatus?
Anterior ethmoid sinuses
Frontal sinus
Maxillary sinuses
Which structures drain into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal ducts
Which major arteries supply the nasal cavity and which branches?
Internal carotid –> anterior + posterior ethmoidal arteries
External carotid –> facial artery + sphenopalatine artery
Which area is most likely to bleed causing epistaxis?
Little’s area (Keisselbach’s area)
Where is Little’s area?
Antero-inferior part of the nasal septum
Which arteries are involved in Little’s area?
Anterior ethmoidal (from ophthalmic artery) Sphenopalatine (from maxillary) Greater palatine (from maxillary) Superior labial (from facial)
Which nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?
Trigeminal nerve
Which nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression?
Facial nerve
Which muscle narrows the mouth and closes the lips e.g. whistling?
Orbicularis oris
Which muscle forms the muscular component of the cheek?
Buccinator
Fascia from which muscle can be used to repair a perforated tympanic membrane (myringoplasty)?
Temporalis
What is the most powerful muscle of mastication?
Masseter
Which muscle of mastication is the only one attached to the TMJ?
Lateral pterygoid
Which level does the common carotid bifurcate?
Superior border of the thyroid cartilage
Which to receptors are located at the bifurcation of the common carotid?
Carotid sinus (baroreceptor) Carotid body (chemoreceptor)
How can the internal and external carotid arteries be distinguished from one another during surgery?
Internal carotid has no branches, external has many branches
–> if considering ligating the external carotid, must identify at least 2 branches first
What are the 3 types of salivary glands?
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
Where does the parotid duct lie and where does the duct enter the oral cavity?
Anterior and inferior to the ear
–> opposite second upper molar tooth
How would unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy appear in the tongue?
Deviation of tongue towards affected side with associated muscle atrophy
What are the fascial layers of the neck?
Superficial layer Deep layer (consists of 3 layers) - investing layer (external) - pretracheal layer (visceral) - prevertebral layer (internal)
Which structure is encircled by the superficial fascial layer?
Platysma muscle
Which structures are within the investing layer?
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Parotid
Deep layer forms the carotid sheath
Which structures are covered by the pretracheal layer?
Salivary glands
Muscles
Thyroid gland
Other structures in front of trachea
Which structures are covered by the prevertebral layer?
Prevertebral muscles
