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TEAS STUDYING > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

complementary structure & function

A
  • structure permits function
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2
Q

levels of structural organization:

A
  • chemical = atoms combine to form molecules
  • cellular = cells are building block for life
  • tissue = similar cell types come together
  • organ = structure made of 2+ tissue types that has a specific function
  • organ system = group of organs
  • organismal level = human body
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3
Q

normal body temp

A
  • 37 celsius
  • 98.6 F
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4
Q

cephalic regional terms:

A
  • cephalic = head
  • frontal = forehead
  • orbital = eye
  • nasal - nose
  • oral = mouth
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5
Q

cervical regional terms:

A
  • cervical = throat
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6
Q

thoracic regional terms:

A
  • axillary = armpits
  • mammary = pectorals
  • sternal = sternum
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7
Q

abdominal regional terms:

A
  • umbilical = belly button
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8
Q

pelvic regional terms:

A
  • inguinal = groin
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9
Q

upper limb regional terms:

A
  • brachial = arm
  • antecubital = front of elbow
  • cubital = elbow
  • antebrachial = forearm
  • carpal = wrist
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10
Q

lower limb regional terms:

A
  • coxal = hip
  • femoral = thigh
  • patellar = knee cap
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11
Q

pedal regional terms:

A
  • pedal = foot
  • tarsal = ankle
  • metatarsal
  • digital = toes
  • calcaneal = heel of foot
  • plantar = bottom of foot
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12
Q

dorsal regional terms:

A
  • scapular = shoulder
  • vertebral = spine
  • lumbar = lower back
  • sacral = buttcrack
  • gluteal = A$$
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13
Q

homeostasis

A
  • maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
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14
Q

feedback control in homeostasis:

A
  • variable = what’s being maintained
  • stimulus = produces change in variable
  • receptor = detects change & responds to stimuli
  • input = info set along afferent pathway to control center
  • output = info sent along efferent pathway to effector (means to respond)
  • response = effector feeds back to reduce/increase effect of stimulus
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15
Q

positive feedback for homeostasis

A
  • rare
  • response temporarily increases the original stimulus
  • ex: estrogen from placenta > induces oxytocin receptors on uterus > contractions get more vigorous > childbirth
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16
Q

negative feedback for homeostasis:

A
  • reduces effect of stimulus
  • ex: moving hand away from hot stove
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17
Q

dorsal body cavity:

A
  • protects nervous system
  • two divisions: cranial cavity & vertebral cavity
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18
Q

ventral body cavity:

A
  • houses internal organs (viscera)
  • two divisions *separated by the diaphragm: thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity
  • thoracic cavity subdivisions = pleural cavities (encloses lungs), mediastinum (pericardial cavity & thoracic organs), pericardial cavity (encloses heart)
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19
Q

serous membranes:

A
  • prevent friction between organ & body cavity wall
  • parietal = membrane lining body cavity
  • visceral = membrane covering organ
  • linings: lungs = pleura, heart = pericardium, abdomen = peritoneum
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20
Q

cilia:

A
  • hair-like structure
  • bend/beat to propel substances (ex mucus) along surface of cells
  • ciliated cells line upper respiratory tract
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21
Q

microvilli:

A
  • finger-like structures
  • increase cell’s surface area
  • increases absorption
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22
Q

membrane transport:

A
  • passive transport = no ATP required, substances move DOWN concentration gradient
  • active transport = ATP required, usually moves substance AGAINST gradient
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23
Q

passive transport types:

A
  • simple diffusion: lipid soluble solutes simply pass through plasma membrane
  • facilitated diffusion:
    1) carrier-mediated = hydrophilic molecules bind to protein carriers to transport them
    2) channel-mediated = ex: aquaporin (osmosis)
  • osmosis: movement of water across membrane (water channels = aquaporin)
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24
Q

types of channels

A
  • leak channels = always open
  • gated channels = open due to electrical/chemical signals
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25
Q

active transport types:

A
  • primary active transport: directly uses ATP, Na/K pump
  • vesicular transport: endocytosis & exocytosis
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26
Q

Na/K pump:

A
  • Na/K passively diffused by channel-mediated diffusion
  • Na/K are pumped by primary-active transport
  • 1) cytoplasmic Na+ binds to pump protein 2) binding of Na+ promotes phosphorylation of the protein by ATP 3) phosphorylation = protein changes shape, expelling Na+ outside of cell 4) extracellular K+ binds to pump protein 5) K+ binding = release of phosphate, pump returns to original conformation 6) K+ is released from pump protein & Na+ sites are ready to bind again
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27
Q

cell cytosol maintains:

A
  • high intracellular K+
  • low intracellular Na+
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28
Q

endocytosis:

A
  • moves particles into cell
  • ex: phagocytosis = macrophage/phagocyte eats a bacterium
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29
Q

exocytosis:

A
  • moves particles out of cell
  • secretion
  • 1) membrane bound vesicle migrates to plasma membrane 2) proteins at vesicle surface (v-SNAREs) bind with t-SNAREs (target) *t-SNAREs = plasma membrane proteins 3) vesicle & plasma membrane fuse & pore opens up 4) vesicle contents are released to cell exterior
30
Q

histology

A
  • study of tissues
31
Q

4 basic tissue types:

A

1) nervous tissue: brain, spinal cord, nerves, CNS, PNS
2) muscle tissue: contract to cause movement
3) epithelial tissue = forms boundaries between environments
4) connective tissue = supports, protects, binds other tissues

32
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue:

A
  • polarity = cell surfaces face different environments
  • specialized connections = desmosomes & tight junctions
  • supported by CT
  • avascular = not many vessels, but innervated
  • high regenerative properties
33
Q

polarity of skin (sides):

A
  • apical surface faces outside environment
  • basal surface connected to CT
  • basal lamina = noncellular sheet of glycoproteins that filters solutes
  • reticular lamina = network of collagen protein fibers
34
Q

serous membranes are also:

A
  • organs
35
Q

stratified transitional epithelium function & location:

A
  • cuboidal + squamous
  • lines ureters & bladder
  • functions: dispensability & protection
36
Q

simple squamous epithelial function & location:

A
  • diffusion & filtration of H2O, O2, CO2 & small solutes
  • located in serous membranes, alveoli of lungs, capillaries, & kidney filtration membranes
37
Q

stratified squamous epithelial function & location:

A
  • protection
  • either keratinized (external/dry skin)
  • or non-keratinized on wet skin (esophagus)
38
Q

simple cuboidal epithelial location & function:

A
  • secretion & absorption of small solutes (ions & glucose)
  • found in kidney tubules
39
Q

simple columnar epithelial function & location:

A
  • absorption & secretion of larger solutes, enzymes & mucus
  • found in stomach, intestines, & uterine lining
40
Q

psuedostratified columnar epithelial function & location:

A
  • propels mucus (goblets)
  • can be ciliated or non ciliated
  • nuclei are at varying heights = appears stratified
  • found in upper respiratory tract
41
Q

glandular epithelium:

A
  • gland = one+ cells that make & secrete hormones
  • endocrine system
42
Q

muscle tissue types & properties:

A
  • skeletal: attached to bones (striated)
  • cardiac: muscles of the heart (intercalated discs striations)
  • smooth: muscle of hollow organs (no striations)
43
Q

connective tissue types & properties:

A
  • CT proper: loose/dense matrix
    • lose: areolar, adipose, reticular
    • dense: regular, irregular, elastic
  • cartilage: firm/flexible matrix
    • hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
  • bone tissue: calcified matrix
    • compact, spongy
  • blood: liquid matrix
44
Q

building/breaking blocks for connective tissue types:

A
  • CT proper: fibroblasts/fibrocytes
    • adipose: adipocytes
  • cartilage: chondroblasts/chondrocytes
  • bone: osteoblasts/osteocytes
  • blood: erythrocytes/leukocytes/platelets
45
Q

elements of connective tissue:

A
  • ground substance: fibroblasts actively secrete matrix
  • protein fibers: strongest & most abundant, contains elastic & reticular fibers
  • cells
46
Q

functions of the skin:

A
  • protection: (sweat, pH, melanin)
  • regulation of body temp: perspiration
  • cutaneous sensations: responses to stimuli
  • metabolic functions: sloughing, vitamin D synthesis
  • blood reservoir: vasoconstriction & vasodilation
  • excretion: secretes nitrogenous waste (ammonia, urea, uric acid)
47
Q

epidermis:

A
  • outer layer of skin
  • keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
  • contains 5 strata (layers)
48
Q

dermis:

A
  • inner layer of skin
  • strong, flexible CT
  • contains nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, oil & sweat glands
49
Q

5 strata of the epidermis & functions:

A

1) stratum corneum: horny layer, dead cells, protection
2) stratum lucidum: clear layer, ONLY IN THICK SKIN, contains dead keratinocytes
3) stratum granulosum: granular layer, keratinization begins, water-resistant glycolipids
4) stratum spinosum: prickly layer, prekaratin filaments attached to desmosomes, abundant melanosomes & dendritic cells
5) stratum basale: single row of miotic stem cells, germinativum = active mitosis

50
Q

cells of the epidermis:

A
  • melanocytes: produce pigment melanin, transfer melanin granules to actively growing keratinocytes
  • dendritic cells: start in bone matrix, immune system functions
  • keratinocytes: 85-95% of cells in epidermis, keratin = tough skin
51
Q

clinical application: stretch marks

A
  • extreme stretching of skin = dermal tears that produce white scars (striae)
  • acute, short term traumas to skin = blisters (fluid filled pockets that separate epidermal & dermal layers)
52
Q

clinical application: skin discoloration

A
  • cyanosis: blue skin color due to low oxygenation of hemoglobin
  • pallor: blancing/paleness due to anemia, hypertension, or fear
  • erythema: redness due to fever hypertension, sclera turns red, inflammation/allergy
  • jaundice: yellow cast & sclera due to liver disorders
  • bruises: aka ecchymoses/hematoma, clotted blood beneath skin
  • brown/black “necklace” bruises: hyper-pigmented areas in axillae/neck ara due to elevated blood glucose levels (associated with diabetes)
53
Q

layers of dermis & function:

A
  • papillary: thin, outer layer of loose areolar CT proper
    • dermal papillae: wavy nipple-like projections that push up into epidermis for strength
  • reticular: bulk of dermis, made of dense irregular CT + collagen fibers
    • cutaneous plexus: network of blood vessels between layer
    • cleavage lines: collagen fibers run parallel to skin surface *important for surgeons making incisions
    • flexure lines: dermal folds @ or near joints
54
Q

hyodermis:

A
  • not a skin layer
  • composed of adipose tissue & areolar CT
  • anchors skin to underlying tissue
  • adipose = shock absorber & insulation
55
Q

glands of the skin:-

A
  • sudoiferous = sweat for temp. regulation
  • apocrine = sexual scent
  • sebaceous = oil for lubrication & water proofing (acne = usually inflammation of sebaceous glands)
56
Q

arrector pili:

A
  • small band of smooth muscle attached to each hair follicle
  • produces goosebumps
57
Q

anatomy of hair:

A
  • dead keratinized cells
  • hair shaft: area above scalp where keratinization is complete
  • hair root: area within scalp where keratinization is ongoing
58
Q

anatomy of hair shaft:

A
  • medulla = control core
  • cortex = several layers of flattened cells surrounding medulla
  • cuticle = outer layer consisting of overlapping layers of single cells
59
Q

types of hair growth:

A
  • vellus = pale/found on children & adult females
  • terminal = coarse, long hair, more appears during puberty
60
Q

hair growth phases:

A
  • antagen = active new hair production
  • catagen = transition phase
  • telogen = resting period for follicle
61
Q

clinical application: hair growth & loss

A
  • alopecia: hair loss/thinning genetically determined & sex-influenced
  • male pattern baldness: follicular response to DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
  • hirsutism: excessive hairiness in women, caused by tumors on ovaries/adrenal glands = abnormally large amounts of androgen hormone secretion
62
Q

clinical application: nails

A
  • koilonychia
  • spoon nails
  • sign of hypochromatic anemia (chronic iron deficiency)
  • treated with iron supplements
63
Q

effects of burns:

A
  • loss of fluids/electrolytes & proteins
  • causes dehydration & shock
  • opens body to infection
  • increases nutritional demands during tissue repair (IV)
64
Q

wounds & tissue repair:

A

1) inflammation: clotting & scab/platelets & WBCs arrive to stop bleeding
2) organization: granulation tissue replaces blood clot/ blood supply restored
3) regeneration/fibrosis: replaced w/ fully functional tissue
- fibrosis = scar tissue when body overcorrects

65
Q

1st degree burn:

A
  • only epidermis is damaged
  • acute inflammation
  • heals 2-3 days
  • mild sunburn
66
Q

2nd degree burn:

A
  • epidermis & upper part of dermis layer damaged
  • blisters
  • heals 3-4 weeks
  • severe sunburn
67
Q

3rd degree burn:

A
  • full thickness burn of epidermis & dermis
  • nerve endings burnt off
  • severe risk of infection
  • may require skin grafting (removing skin from non burned part of body & placed on burned area)
68
Q

skeletal tissue is made of either:

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • elastic cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
69
Q

hyaline cartilage skeletal tissue:

A
  • most abundant type
  • numerous fine collagen fibers
  • support, flexibility, resist compressive stress
  • located: embryonic skeleton, covers ends of long bones, nose, trachea, larynx
70
Q

the two kinds of hyaline cartilage:

A
  • costal cartilage = attaches ribs to sternum
  • articular cartilage = @ joints to reduce friction & absorb compression
71
Q

elastic cartilage skeletal tissue:

A
  • provides strength & great flexibility
  • location on external ear (pinna) & epiglottis (breathing & swallowing food)
72
Q

fibrocartilage skeletal tissue:

A
  • thick bundles of collagen fibers
  • compressible to absorb shock & withstand heavy pressure
  • located in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

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