Anatomy, Pathology and Vitals Flashcards
What are the four rotator cuff muscles?
a. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres major, subscapularis
b. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
c. supraspinatus, infraspinatus. teres minor, teres major
d. supraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, subscapularus
b. supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
At what level does the aorta bifurcate into the right and left common iliac arteries?
a. L2
b. L3
c. L4
d. L5
c. L4
Where is the levator ani muscle complex located?
a, pelvic floor
b. abdominal wall
c. neck
d. quadriceps
a. pelvic floor
What are the four stages of hemorrhage? How many days since onset per stage?
- Acute (1-3 days)
- Early Subacute (>3 days)
- Late subacute (>7 days)
- Chronic (>14 days)
How does an acute, early subacute, late subacute, and chronic hemorrhage appear on T1 and T2 scan?
Acute: isointense to hypointense on T1, hypointense on T2
early subacute: hyperintense on T1 and hypointense on T2
Late subacute: hyperintense on T1 and hyperintense on T2
Chronic: hypointense on T1 and hypointense on T2
How do subacute strokes appear on a T2 scan?
a. hyperintense
b. hypointense
hyperintense
How do chronic strokes appear on a T1 and T2 scan?
hypointense on T1 and hyperintense on T2
What is cauda-equina syndrome and what is a main side effect of such?
compression of nerves in cauda-equina. Main side effect is loss of bowel/ bladder control
What is FNH?
FNH= focal nodular hyperplasia. It is a benign liver tumour and is the 2nd most common benign liver lesion. Enhances immediately
How does FNH appear on T1 and T2 scans? Which contrast can be used?
T1: iso-hypointense with hypointense central scar
T2: iso-hyperintense with hyperintense central scar
Gadovist or primovist contrast can be used. Primovist gives more information.
What is a SLAP lesion? What does SLAP stand for?
An injury to the glenoid labrum. (shoulder)
Superior Labral Tear from Anterior to Posterior
What are some common side effects of MS
vision problems, muscle weakness, loss of balance, numbness
How do MS lesions appear on T1, T2, FLAIR and T1+Gad scans?
T1: iso-hypointense lesions (T1 black holes)
T2: hyperintense lesions
FLAIR: hyperintense lesions
T1+ GAD: active lesions enhance
P.S PD scans good for C-spine. Similar to T2, but more sensitive to plaques
What are normal temperatures for adults, children and infants?
A: 36.5-37.5
C: 36.7- 37
I: 37.2-37.7
These ranges change depending on where you take temp. (Rectal, orally, armpit)
What are Normal pulse ranges for adults, children and infants?
A: 60-90 BPM
C: 90-100 BPM
I: 120 BPM
What are normal blood pressures for adults, children and infants?
A: 80-120 mmHg/ 60-80 mmHg
C: 90-120 mmHg/ 50-70 mmHg
I: 85-130 mmHg/ 45-85 mmHg
What is a normal pulse oxygen reading?
95 -100%
When is the ideal time for an MRI of the breast in the menstrual cycle?
day 5 - 15
What is a Chiari malformation
defects caused by displacement of brainstem and cerebellum
What is Dandy-Walker malformation (DWM)?
The most common posterior fossa malformation.
Charicatized by:
hypoplasia of the vermis
cephalad rotation of the vermian
dilatation of the fourth ventricle
enlarged posterior fossa
What is hydrocephalus?
an increase in the volume of CSF and thus of the cerebral ventricles
What pathology is shown in this image? What type of scan is this?
It is an abscess shown on an axial T2 scan,
How does a brain abscess appear on a CE axial T1 scan?
It shows a ring like enhancement
What is Ankylosing spondylitis?
Results in fusion of the spine and SI joints
