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Endocrine > Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What other structures is the thyroid closely related to?

A

Larynx and the trachea in the anterior neck

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2
Q

What make up the thyroid gland?

A

Usually consists of two lateral lobes (right and left) and an isthmus (narrow connecting band)

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3
Q

Where do the lobes of the thyroid attach?

A

Later aspects of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages, and to the trachea

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4
Q

Where is the isthmus located?

A

Lies anterior to the second and third cartilages of the trachea

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5
Q

How does a lump in the thyroid/enlarged thyroid gland move when swallowing?

A

Moves superiorly then inferiorly with the larynx = due to its relationship with the larynx and the trachea

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6
Q

Where are the four parathyroid glands located?

A

Located on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland’s lateral lobes (superior and inferior on each side)

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7
Q

What are some features of the pyramidal lobe?

A

Mean prevalence of 44.6%, most commonly originates from the left lateral lobe, < 10% aren’t connected to main thyroid gland, most attach superiorly to thyroid cartilage, may extend as far superiorly as the hyoid bone

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8
Q

What does the thyroid gland begin its development as?

A

Midline epithelial proliferation at the junction between the anterior 2/3 and the posterior 1/3 of the tongue (foramen caecum in adult)

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9
Q

Where does the thyroid gland migrate to during its development?

A

Migrates inferiorly whilst remaining attached to the tongue via the thyroglossal duct

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10
Q

When does the thyroid gland reach its final position in relation to the larynx and trachea?

A

In the seventh week of development = thyroid is at C7 vertebral level

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11
Q

What can block the migratory path of the thyroid during its development?

A

Thyroglossal duct cysts or ectopic thyroid tissue

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12
Q

Where are the platysmal muscles located?

A

Immediately deep to the skin within the superficial fascia of the neck

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13
Q

What group of muscles do the platysmal muscles belong to?

A

Muscles of facial expression = innervated by facial nerve (CN VII)

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14
Q

What are the different fascial compartments of the neck?

A

Prevertebral (deep) fascia, investing fascia, carotid sheaths (x2), pretracheal fascia

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15
Q

Where is the prevertebral (deep) fascia located?

A

Located posteriorly = encloses postural neck muscles and cervical vertebrae

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16
Q

What does the investing fascia envelope?

A

All the other neck fascial compartments, also encloses trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

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17
Q

What are the contents of the carotid sheaths?

A

Located anterolaterally = encloses deep vagus nerves, deep cervical lymph nodes, common then internal carotid arteries, internal jugular vein

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18
Q

What does the pretracheal fascia enclose?

A

Located anteriorly = oesophagus, trachea, thyroid gland, strap muscles, recurrent laryngeal nerves

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19
Q

Where does the descending part of the trapezius muscle attach?

A

Attaches inferiorly to the spine of the scapula and the lateral end of the clavicle

20
Q

What are the attachments of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?

A

Sternal head = attaches to manubrium of sternum

Clavicular head = attaches to medial end of clavicle

21
Q

Where do both heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle pass?

A

Pass superiorly to attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone

22
Q

What are the carotid sheaths?

A

Bilateral tubes of deep fascia = located deep to the investing fascia and located anterolaterally in the neck on either side of the thyroid gland

23
Q

What are the attachments of the carotid sheaths?

A 
Superior = attaches to base of the skull (around jugular foramen and entrance to carotid canal)
Inferiorly = blends with mediastinal fascia
24
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland?

A

Drains from superior deep cervical lymph nodes into inferior deep cervical lymph nodes (left and right)

25
Q

Where is lymph on the right side of the body returned to?

A

Right venous angle via the right lymphatic duct

26
Q

Where is lymph from the left side of the body returned to?

A

Left venous angle via the thoracic duct

27
Q

What nodes make up the tracheal lymph nodes?

A

Pretracheal and paratracheal nodes

28
Q

Where do the vagus nerves arise from?

A

Branch from the medulla oblongata = exit skull via jugular foramen and descend through in carotid sheath

29
Q

Where are the vagus nerves located in the chest?

A

Right is lateral to trachea
Left is on left side of aortic arch
Both are posterior to lung hilum and on the oesophagus

30
Q

What do the vagus nerves pass through the diaphragm with?

A

The oesophagus

31
Q

Where do the vagus nerves divide into their terminal branches?

A

On surface of the stomach = supply the abdominal organs with parasympathetic axons to the distal midgut

32
Q

What does recurrent mean when applied to nerves?

A

They turn back in the opposite direction

33
Q

Where do the recurrent laryngeal nerves recur?

A 
Right = recurs under subclavian artery
Left = recurs under arch of the aorta
34
Q

What is the embryological origin shared by the arch of the aorta and right subclavian artery?

A

The fourth aortic arch artery

35
Q

What are the strap muscles?

A

Thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid and omohyoid muscles

36
Q

Where do the thyrohyoid and sternohyoid muscles attach?

A 
Thyrohyoid = attaches from hyoid to thyroid
Sternohyoid = attaches from hyoid to sternum
37
Q

Where do the sternothyroid and omohyoid muscles attach?

A 
Sternothyroid = attaches from thyroid to sternum
Omohyoid = attaches from hyoid to shoulder (has superior and inferior bellies)
38
Q

What attaches the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid to the clavicle?

A

The fascial sling

39
Q

What are some surgical methods used to operate on the thyroid gland?

A

Classical thyroidectomy, endoscopically assisted thyroidectomy, endoscopic trans-axillary approach, endoscopic trans-breast approach

40
Q

What is the classical thyroidectomy incision?

A

A collar incision is made within the natural skin crease or in the direction of Langer’s lines

41
Q

What are some requirements of the incision made during a classical thyroidectomy?

A

Incision should be just superior to the clavicles and jugular notch, and should be made through the skin and platysma

42
Q

What can cause paralysis of the vocal cord?

A

Injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

43
Q

What does unilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?

A

Hoarseness or weakness of the voice and a weak cough

44
Q

What does bilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve cause?

A

Aphonia = inability to produce sound

Inability to close the rima glottidis to prevent aspiration or produce a good cough

45
Q

What separates the carotid sheaths?

A

The alar fascia

Endocrine (42 decks)

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