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Integumentary > Anatomy of the Skin > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in your body

A

Skin

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2
Q

5 Functions of the Skin

A
  1. barrier to bacteria
  2. prevent too much fluid loss
  3. helps control body temp
  4. protects the body from UV rays
  5. helps make vitamin D
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3
Q

what does the true skin consists of

A

Epidermis + Dermis

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

thinner, superficial layer of skin

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5
Q

is the epidermis vascular or avascular

A

avascular

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6
Q

how often does the epidermis regenerate

A

4-6 weeks (28 days)

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7
Q

how many cell types make up the epidermis

A

4

  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Langerhan Cells
  • Merkel Cells
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8
Q

Keratinocytes make up

A

90% of all epidermal cells

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9
Q

keratinocytes

A

produce a fibrous protein that helps protect the epidermis

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce the brown pigment melanin, equal number of cells

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11
Q

what is the difference in melanocytes between dark skin people and white people

A

size varies

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12
Q

Langerhan Cells

A

participates in immune response

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13
Q

Langerhan cells participate in immune response primarily in what layer and how

A

Spinosum layer

destroys invaders and stimulates allergic reactions

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14
Q

Merkel Cells

A

participate in the sense of touch

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15
Q

what are the 5 sub layers of the epidermis

A

Crazy Losers Get Sun Burns

Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
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16
Q

what is the deepest layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum Basale

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17
Q

what shape are the cells that make up the stratum basale

A

a single layer of cuboidal cells

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18
Q

what is a characteristics of cells in the stratum basale

A

constant division, elevate, and shed

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19
Q

the stratum basale is made up of

A

merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes, stem cells

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20
Q

how do the cells attach to each other in the stratum basale

A

desmosomes

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21
Q

how do cells attach to the basement membrane in the stratum basale

A

hemi-desmosomes

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22
Q

describe the appearance of the stratum spinosum

A

thorn-like spikes

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23
Q

stratum spinosum provides to the skin

A

strength and flexibility

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24
Q

about how many cell layers make up the stratum spinosum

A

8-10 cell layers held together by desmosomes

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25
Q

what is the site of the keratinocyte formation

A

stratum Granulosum

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26
Q

the stratum Granulosum is made up of

A

3-5 layers of keratinocytes

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27
Q

the stratum Granulosum is a transition between

A

deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the superficial strata

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28
Q

describe the cells in the stratum granulosum

A

layers of flat dying cells that show nuclear degeneration (apoptosis)

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29
Q

stratum lucidum located

A

present only in fingertips, palms of the hand, soles of the feet

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30
Q

describe the cells of the stratum lucidum

A

3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells

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31
Q

what secretes lamellar granules

A

keratinocytes

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32
Q

lamellar granules

A

a lipid base which creates a water repellent on the skin

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33
Q

where do callus form

A

stratum corneum

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34
Q

stratum corneum

A

the outermost layer of the epidermis

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35
Q

describe the cells that make up the stratum Corneum

A

25-30 layers of dead flat keratinocytes filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids

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36
Q

what is the function of the stratum corneum

A

barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals and bacteria

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37
Q

what layers contains lamellar granules

A

stratum corneum

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38
Q

the cells of the stratum corneum continuously

A

shed and are replaced

39
Q

what is an epidermal appendage

A

intradermal structures lined with epithelia cells

40
Q

why are epidermal appendages important

A

they are a source of epithelial cells

41
Q

epidermal appendages include

A
  • sebaceous (oil) glands
  • apocrine glands (armpit, nipple, genitalia)
  • mammary glands
  • hair follicles
42
Q

basement membrane

A

divides epidermis from the dermis

anchors epidermis to dermis

43
Q

basement membrane components

A
  • fibronectin
  • collagen (type IV)
  • glycosaminoglycan
  • proteoglycan
44
Q

fibronectin

A

a general cell adhesion molecule that anchors cells to collagen or proteoglycans

45
Q

collagen

A

long protein fiber which provides strength to the skin

46
Q

GAG

A

water binding substance that fills space b/w collagen and elastin

47
Q

proteoglycan

A

formed by chains of GAG , water binding

48
Q

Rete Ridges

A

downward projections from the epidermis interlocks with upward projections from the dermis

49
Q

what happens to the rete ridges with age

A

decrease 50% with aging= increase in skin tears

50
Q

Dermis

A

the shock absorber

51
Q

what is the primary function of the dermis

A

to sustain and support the epidermis

52
Q

the dermis is comprised of mostly

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

53
Q

ECM

A

gel like substance comprised of GAG’s and proteoglycans

54
Q

the dermis contains

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Lymphocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
55
Q

Fibroblasts

A

make ECM

produce and secrete collagen and elastic fibers

56
Q

macrophages

A

large white blood cells, phagocytic, from monocytes

57
Q

primary role of macrophages

A

during the inflammatory phase of wound healing but are present in all stages

needed to clean up chemical messengers for FB and angiogenesis

58
Q

mast cells

A

produce histamine

59
Q

describe the thickness of the dermis

A

thickness depends on language

.3 mm on the eyelid and 4.0 on the back

60
Q

two main types of tissue present in the dermis

A
  • collagen

- elastic fibers

61
Q

Collagen provides

A

tensile strength and resistance to shear and other mechanical forces

62
Q

what makes of 70% of the weight of dermis

A

collagen

63
Q

type I collagen percentage

A

85%

64
Q

type III collagen percentage

A

15%

65
Q

elastic fibers constitute how much of the weight of the dermis

A

1%

66
Q

elastic fibers

A

resist deformational forces

returning the skin to its resting shape

67
Q

two main divisions in the dermal layer

A

papillary dermis (20%)

reticular dermis (80%)

68
Q

papillary dermis

A

superficial layer of the dermis, made up of thin arrangement of CT with elastic fibers

69
Q

Meissner corpuscles located

A

papillary dermis

70
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

respond to touch

unique fingerprint

71
Q

reticular dermis

A

made up of dense irregular CT and adipose tissue

72
Q

reticular dermis contains

A

fibroblasts, mast cells, nerve endings, lymphatics, epidermal appendages

gel-like substance: hyaluronic acid, glycoproteins

73
Q

8 out of 10 skin cancers are

A

basal cell carcinomas

74
Q

cancer cells usually develop

A

sun exposed areas especially on the head and neck

75
Q

basal cell carcinoma tends to grow

A

slow

76
Q

what happens if the basal cell carcinoma is untreated

A

invades bone or other tissue beneath the skin

rarely invades the lymph nodes to spread to other parts of the body

77
Q

Can basal cell carcinoma recur?

A

yes it can recur in the same place on the skin

78
Q

2 out of 10 skin cancers are

A

squamous cell carcinoma

79
Q

where do squamous cell carcinomas appear

A

sun exposed areas, such as face, ears, neck , lips, and back of the head

80
Q

which skin cancer is more aggressive

A

squamous cell carcinomas

81
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

invade fatty tissue beneath the skin and spread to lymph nodes and or distant parts of the body

82
Q

rarest form of skin cancer

A

melanoma

83
Q

the cancer that is most aggressive, and most likely to spread to other body parts

A

melanoma

84
Q

what pathophysiology of melanoma

A

begins in the melanocytes (located in the basal layer of the epidermis)

85
Q

possible sign of melanoma

A

change in appearance of mole or pigmented area of skin

86
Q

what happens to the outer layer of epidermis with aging

A

thins

87
Q

what happens to the number of melanocytes with age

A

decrease

88
Q

what causes the increase in bruising and bleeding with age

A

blood vessels of the dermis become more fragile

89
Q

senile purpura

A

bruising

90
Q

what happens to the sebaceous glands with age

A

produce less oil

91
Q

why is it harder to regulate the temperature with age

A

subcutaneous fat layer thins increasing the risk of skin injury

reduces the normal insulation

sweat glands produce less sweat

92
Q

what happens to the sweat glands with age

A

produce less sweat= increased risk of heat stroke

93
Q

what is unique about dark facial skin (females)

A
  • less atrophy in epidermis
  • minimal loss of elasticity
  • more collagen fibers
  • more and larger fibroblasts

Integumentary (10 decks)

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