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Integumentary > Anatomy of the Skin > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest organ in your body

A

Skin

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2
Q

5 Functions of the Skin

A
  1. barrier to bacteria
  2. prevent too much fluid loss
  3. helps control body temp
  4. protects the body from UV rays
  5. helps make vitamin D
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3
Q

what does the true skin consists of

A

Epidermis + Dermis

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4
Q

Epidermis

A

thinner, superficial layer of skin

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5
Q

is the epidermis vascular or avascular

A

avascular

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6
Q

how often does the epidermis regenerate

A

4-6 weeks (28 days)

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7
Q

how many cell types make up the epidermis

A

4

  • Keratinocytes
  • Melanocytes
  • Langerhan Cells
  • Merkel Cells
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8
Q

Keratinocytes make up

A

90% of all epidermal cells

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9
Q

keratinocytes

A

produce a fibrous protein that helps protect the epidermis

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce the brown pigment melanin, equal number of cells

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11
Q

what is the difference in melanocytes between dark skin people and white people

A

size varies

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12
Q

Langerhan Cells

A

participates in immune response

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13
Q

Langerhan cells participate in immune response primarily in what layer and how

A

Spinosum layer

destroys invaders and stimulates allergic reactions

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14
Q

Merkel Cells

A

participate in the sense of touch

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15
Q

what are the 5 sub layers of the epidermis

A

Crazy Losers Get Sun Burns

Corneum
Lucidum
Granulosum
Spinosum
Basale
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16
Q

what is the deepest layer of the epidermis

A

Stratum Basale

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17
Q

what shape are the cells that make up the stratum basale

A

a single layer of cuboidal cells

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18
Q

what is a characteristics of cells in the stratum basale

A

constant division, elevate, and shed

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19
Q

the stratum basale is made up of

A

merkel cells, melanocytes, keratinocytes, stem cells

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20
Q

how do the cells attach to each other in the stratum basale

A

desmosomes

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21
Q

how do cells attach to the basement membrane in the stratum basale

A

hemi-desmosomes

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22
Q

describe the appearance of the stratum spinosum

A

thorn-like spikes

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23
Q

stratum spinosum provides to the skin

A

strength and flexibility

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24
Q

about how many cell layers make up the stratum spinosum

A

8-10 cell layers held together by desmosomes

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25
what is the site of the keratinocyte formation
stratum Granulosum
26
the stratum Granulosum is made up of
3-5 layers of keratinocytes
27
the stratum Granulosum is a transition between
deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the superficial strata
28
describe the cells in the stratum granulosum
layers of flat dying cells that show nuclear degeneration (apoptosis)
29
stratum lucidum located
present only in fingertips, palms of the hand, soles of the feet
30
describe the cells of the stratum lucidum
3-5 layers of clear, flat, dead cells
31
what secretes lamellar granules
keratinocytes
32
lamellar granules
a lipid base which creates a water repellent on the skin
33
where do callus form
stratum corneum
34
stratum corneum
the outermost layer of the epidermis
35
describe the cells that make up the stratum Corneum
25-30 layers of dead flat keratinocytes filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
36
what is the function of the stratum corneum
barrier to light, heat, water, chemicals and bacteria
37
what layers contains lamellar granules
stratum corneum
38
the cells of the stratum corneum continuously
shed and are replaced
39
what is an epidermal appendage
intradermal structures lined with epithelia cells
40
why are epidermal appendages important
they are a source of epithelial cells
41
epidermal appendages include
- sebaceous (oil) glands - apocrine glands (armpit, nipple, genitalia) - mammary glands - hair follicles
42
basement membrane
divides epidermis from the dermis anchors epidermis to dermis
43
basement membrane components
- fibronectin - collagen (type IV) - glycosaminoglycan - proteoglycan
44
fibronectin
a general cell adhesion molecule that anchors cells to collagen or proteoglycans
45
collagen
long protein fiber which provides strength to the skin
46
GAG
water binding substance that fills space b/w collagen and elastin
47
proteoglycan
formed by chains of GAG , water binding
48
Rete Ridges
downward projections from the epidermis interlocks with upward projections from the dermis
49
what happens to the rete ridges with age
decrease 50% with aging= increase in skin tears
50
Dermis
the shock absorber
51
what is the primary function of the dermis
to sustain and support the epidermis
52
the dermis is comprised of mostly
extracellular matrix (ECM)
53
ECM
gel like substance comprised of GAG's and proteoglycans
54
the dermis contains
- Fibroblasts - Lymphocytes - Macrophages - Mast cells
55
Fibroblasts
make ECM produce and secrete collagen and elastic fibers
56
macrophages
large white blood cells, phagocytic, from monocytes
57
primary role of macrophages
during the inflammatory phase of wound healing but are present in all stages needed to clean up chemical messengers for FB and angiogenesis
58
mast cells
produce histamine
59
describe the thickness of the dermis
thickness depends on language | .3 mm on the eyelid and 4.0 on the back
60
two main types of tissue present in the dermis
- collagen | - elastic fibers
61
Collagen provides
tensile strength and resistance to shear and other mechanical forces
62
what makes of 70% of the weight of dermis
collagen
63
type I collagen percentage
85%
64
type III collagen percentage
15%
65
elastic fibers constitute how much of the weight of the dermis
1%
66
elastic fibers
resist deformational forces returning the skin to its resting shape
67
two main divisions in the dermal layer
papillary dermis (20%) reticular dermis (80%)
68
papillary dermis
superficial layer of the dermis, made up of thin arrangement of CT with elastic fibers
69
Meissner corpuscles located
papillary dermis
70
Meissner corpuscles
respond to touch unique fingerprint
71
reticular dermis
made up of dense irregular CT and adipose tissue
72
reticular dermis contains
fibroblasts, mast cells, nerve endings, lymphatics, epidermal appendages gel-like substance: hyaluronic acid, glycoproteins
73
8 out of 10 skin cancers are
basal cell carcinomas
74
cancer cells usually develop
sun exposed areas especially on the head and neck
75
basal cell carcinoma tends to grow
slow
76
what happens if the basal cell carcinoma is untreated
invades bone or other tissue beneath the skin rarely invades the lymph nodes to spread to other parts of the body
77
Can basal cell carcinoma recur?
yes it can recur in the same place on the skin
78
2 out of 10 skin cancers are
squamous cell carcinoma
79
where do squamous cell carcinomas appear
sun exposed areas, such as face, ears, neck , lips, and back of the head
80
which skin cancer is more aggressive
squamous cell carcinomas
81
squamous cell carcinoma
invade fatty tissue beneath the skin and spread to lymph nodes and or distant parts of the body
82
rarest form of skin cancer
melanoma
83
the cancer that is most aggressive, and most likely to spread to other body parts
melanoma
84
what pathophysiology of melanoma
begins in the melanocytes (located in the basal layer of the epidermis)
85
possible sign of melanoma
change in appearance of mole or pigmented area of skin
86
what happens to the outer layer of epidermis with aging
thins
87
what happens to the number of melanocytes with age
decrease
88
what causes the increase in bruising and bleeding with age
blood vessels of the dermis become more fragile
89
senile purpura
bruising
90
what happens to the sebaceous glands with age
produce less oil
91
why is it harder to regulate the temperature with age
subcutaneous fat layer thins increasing the risk of skin injury reduces the normal insulation sweat glands produce less sweat
92
what happens to the sweat glands with age
produce less sweat= increased risk of heat stroke
93
what is unique about dark facial skin (females)
- less atrophy in epidermis - minimal loss of elasticity - more collagen fibers - more and larger fibroblasts

Integumentary (10 decks)

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