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Functional Anatomy - Pritchard > Anatomy Of The Skeletal System > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are bones?

A
  • living tissue that grows, repairs and contains vital minerals
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2
Q

What is a long bone?

A
  • found in limbs
  • primary function is to support body mass and create large movements
  • produce bone marrow for blood cells productions (femur)
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3
Q

Diaphysis

A

Central/longest part of the bone

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4
Q

Epiphysis

A

Rounded end of the bone, commonly forms an articulation (joint) with another bone - can be proximal (head) or distal (furthest away).

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5
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Smooth tissue that covers the end of long bones where they together to form a joint, reduces friction.

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6
Q

Growth/Epiphyseal

A

A disc of cartilage found at the end of each long bone of children, responsible for bone growth. It separates The epiphysis from the diaphysis. Once growing stops, it is replaced by an epiphyseal line.

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7
Q

Periosteum

A

The toughest outermost layer of the bone.

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8
Q

Compact bone

A

Hard, dense bone that gives strength to the hollow part of the bone. It is resistant to bending.

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9
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Spongy bone that stores red bone marrow in its ‘honeycomb’ structure. It lies within the compact bone layer. It provides long bones with elastic strength.

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10
Q

Marrow/Medullary cavity

A

A space where bone marrow is stored. There are 2 types of bone marrow. Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.

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11
Q

Red bone marrow

A

Produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

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12
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

Produces fats and cartilage.

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13
Q

Blood vessel (nutrient artery)

A

Provides blood to the bones

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14
Q

Bone minerals

A

Calcium and phosphorus are stored within the bone. They are essential in the process of bone creation and reabsorption.

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15
Q

Notch (dip)

A

V-shaped depression or indentation at the edge of a flat area.

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16
Q

Fossa (dip)

A

Shallow and broad depression on the surface of bones, often receives another articulating bone where a joint is formed.

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17
Q

Border (bump)

A

A raised ridge/edge of a bone (main portion)

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18
Q

Process (bump)

A

Large projection or raised bump that can be used to attach connective tissue (ligaments or tendons).

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19
Q

Condyle (bump)

A

A rounded bump or large rounded prominence, which usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint.

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20
Q

Tuberosity (bump)

A

A ,are rounded projection that looks like a raised bump, tuberosities are often sites for muscle attachment.

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21
Q

Ossification

A

The process by which bones are formed.

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22
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Build bone by brining calcium to your bone.

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23
Q

Osteoporosis

A

A medical condition that weaken bones due to a loss if stored calcium

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24
Q

Osteoclasts

A

They are bone cells which destroy and clean away old bone. They replace 10% of bone each year.

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25
Q

Osteocytes

A

Cells that grow bone tissue

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26
Q

Bone remodelling

A

The on-going process of mature bone tissue being removed and new tissue being formed. It also redistributes bone tissue to areas where stress forces are greatest, brittle and more likely to break.

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27
Q

Why are mineral important?

A

Calcium and vitamin D are essential for growth and remodelling of bone tissue. Loss of minerals can cause brittle and fragile bones, known medically as osteoporosis. Exercise can reduce osteoporosis.

28
Q

Calcium

A
  • if calcium removal is greater than calcium replacement bones became weak and brittle.
  • high calcium diet is particularly important for young children, adolescents and older people
29
Q

Vitamin D

A

Needed to help the body absorb calcium into the bones, without it bones will become weak.

30
Q

Metatarsals

A

5 metatarsals in each foot and responsible for weight bearing through balls of the foot.

31
Q

Cranium

A

Protects the brain

32
Q

Clavicle

A

Known as collar bone, long, slim bone, part of the shoulder girdle. It provides strong attachment for the arms.

33
Q

Ribs

A

There are 12 pairs, forms part of the thoracic cage. They are long, flat bones.

34
Q

Sternum

A

Known as the breastbone. It is a flat bone running down the centre of the chest which forms the front of the thoracic cafe. Provides protection and muscular attachment.

35
Q

Scapula

A

Known as the shoulder bone. Large, triangular flat bone. It forms part of the shoulder girdle.

36
Q

Humerus

A

Long bone of the upper arm. Head of this bone join with the scapula. The distal end joins with the radius and ulna.

37
Q

Radius

A

Top of the forearm

38
Q

Ulna

A

Bottom of the forearm

39
Q

Carpals

A

8 small, irregular bones, arranged in two rows of four which make up the wrist. They are closely kept in place by ligaments.

40
Q

Metacarpals

A

5 long bones on the palm of each hand. One corresponds it each finger.

41
Q

Phalanges

A

Bones that make up the thumbs, fingers and toes.

42
Q

Pelvis

A

Made up of 2 hip bones with 3 sections: ilium, ischium and pubis. They fuse together during puberty. Provides socket joint for the femur.

43
Q

Femur

A

Known as the thigh bone. Longest and strongest bone of the body.

44
Q

Patella

A

Sesamoid bone. Protects the knee joint.

45
Q

Tibia

A

Inner, thicker (shin) bone. Is a long bone.

46
Q

Fibula

A

Outer, thinner (calf) bone. Is a long bone.

47
Q

Tarsals

A

Made up of a 7 short, irregular bones forms the ankle joint. Helps support weight of the body.

48
Q

Calcancous

A

Largest tarsal bone. Foundation on rear part of the foot.

49
Q

Long bones

A
  • longer than they are wide
  • generate power
  • act as levers to create movement
  • produce red blood cells
  • humerus, tibia, femur
50
Q

Short bones

A
  • are as long as they are wide
  • used for weight bearing
  • absorb shock
  • tarsals, carpals
51
Q

Flat bones

A
  • wide and flat, normally thin
  • protect vital organs
  • attach muscles
  • produce blood
  • sternum, ribs, pelvis
52
Q

Irregular

A
  • irregular shape
  • many functions such as protection, attach muscles, support and movement
  • lumbar, thoracic, cervical
53
Q

Sesamoid

A
  • held within a tendon
  • reduce friction between the join
  • patella
54
Q

Axial skeleton

A
  • long axis (80 bones)
  • provides a core for limbs to hand from
  • the skull (cranium and facial bones)
  • the thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
  • the vertebral column
55
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A
  • bones that are attached to the axial skeleton (126 bones)
  • the upper limbs (60 bones)
  • the lower limbs (60 bones)
  • the shoulder girdle (4 bones) = connect limbs of the upper body to the thorax
  • the pelvic girdle (3 bones) = a solid base to transmit weight to upper body, provided attachment for back and leg muscles and protect digestive and reproductive organs.
56
Q

Vertebral column

A
  • commonly known as spine
  • extends from the base of the cranium to the pelvis
  • made up of 33 irregular bones
  • protects spinal cord and rib cage
  • supports body weight and held together with ligaments
  • these allow little movement between each vertebrae but lots of flexibility along the whole spine
  • has intervertebral discs to reduce shock of sporting impacts
  • normal vertebrae ’S’ shape has a curve in the upper 3
  • a neural spine is referred to as good posture
57
Q

The 5 sections of the vertebral column

A
  1. Cervical vertebrae = pivot joint for neck (7 bones)
  2. Thoracic vertebrae = protects heart and lungs (12 bones)
  3. Lumbar vertebrae = support weight, concave (5 bones)
  4. Sacral vertebrae = fused to form sacrum (5 bones)
  5. Coccygeal vertebrae = fused to form coccyx (4 bones)
58
Q

Kyphosis

A

Hunchback

59
Q

Scoliosis

A

Curve left and right

60
Q

Main functions of the skeletal system

A
  1. Support and weight bearing
  2. Protection
  3. Attachment for skeletal muscles
  4. Source of blood cell production
  5. Source/storage of minerals ( calcium and phosphorus)
  6. Leverage/movement
61
Q

Ligaments

A

Short bands of tough and fibrous flexible tissue that holds bone together.

62
Q

Tendon

A

Strong fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to a bone.

63
Q

Concave

A

Having an outline or surface that curves inwards.

64
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

Fibrocartilaginous cushions that acts as the spines shock absorbing system which prevents injury to the brain and vertebrae.

65
Q

Hyper-extension

A

A movement of a joint beyond its normal limits, normality beyond 180 degrees.

66
Q

Hyper-flexion

A

The flexion of a joint beyond its normal limits of range.

67
Q

Articulation

A

When two or more bones meet

Functional Anatomy - Pritchard (3 decks)

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