Anatomy Of The Skeletal System Flashcards
What are bones?
- living tissue that grows, repairs and contains vital minerals
What is a long bone?
- found in limbs
- primary function is to support body mass and create large movements
- produce bone marrow for blood cells productions (femur)
Diaphysis
Central/longest part of the bone
Epiphysis
Rounded end of the bone, commonly forms an articulation (joint) with another bone - can be proximal (head) or distal (furthest away).
Articular cartilage
Smooth tissue that covers the end of long bones where they together to form a joint, reduces friction.
Growth/Epiphyseal
A disc of cartilage found at the end of each long bone of children, responsible for bone growth. It separates The epiphysis from the diaphysis. Once growing stops, it is replaced by an epiphyseal line.
Periosteum
The toughest outermost layer of the bone.
Compact bone
Hard, dense bone that gives strength to the hollow part of the bone. It is resistant to bending.
Cancellous bone
Spongy bone that stores red bone marrow in its ‘honeycomb’ structure. It lies within the compact bone layer. It provides long bones with elastic strength.
Marrow/Medullary cavity
A space where bone marrow is stored. There are 2 types of bone marrow. Red bone marrow and yellow bone marrow.
Red bone marrow
Produces red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
Yellow bone marrow
Produces fats and cartilage.
Blood vessel (nutrient artery)
Provides blood to the bones
Bone minerals
Calcium and phosphorus are stored within the bone. They are essential in the process of bone creation and reabsorption.
Notch (dip)
V-shaped depression or indentation at the edge of a flat area.
Fossa (dip)
Shallow and broad depression on the surface of bones, often receives another articulating bone where a joint is formed.
Border (bump)
A raised ridge/edge of a bone (main portion)
Process (bump)
Large projection or raised bump that can be used to attach connective tissue (ligaments or tendons).
Condyle (bump)
A rounded bump or large rounded prominence, which usually fits into a fossa on another bone to form a joint.
Tuberosity (bump)
A rounded projection that looks like a raised bump, tuberosities are often sites for muscle attachment.
Ossification
The process by which bones are formed.
Osteoblasts
Build bone by bringing calcium to your bone.
Osteoporosis
A medical condition that weaken bones due to a loss if stored calcium
Osteoclasts
They are bone cells which destroy and clean away old bone. They replace 10% of bone each year.
Osteocytes
Cells that grow bone tissue
Bone remodelling
The on-going process of mature bone tissue being removed and new tissue being formed. It also redistributes bone tissue to areas where stress forces are greatest, brittle and more likely to break.
Why are mineral important?
Calcium and vitamin D are essential for growth and remodelling of bone tissue. Loss of minerals can cause brittle and fragile bones, known medically as osteoporosis. Exercise can reduce osteoporosis.
Calcium
- if calcium removal is greater than calcium replacement bones became weak and brittle.
- high calcium diet is particularly important for young children, adolescents and older people
Vitamin D
Needed to help the body absorb calcium into the bones, without it bones will become weak.
Metatarsals
5 metatarsals in each foot and responsible for weight bearing through balls of the foot.
Cranium
Protects the brain
Clavicle
Known as collar bone, long, slim bone, part of the shoulder girdle. It provides strong attachment for the arms.
Ribs
There are 12 pairs, forms part of the thoracic cage. They are long, flat bones.
Sternum
Known as the breastbone. It is a flat bone running down the centre of the chest which forms the front of the thoracic cafe. Provides protection and muscular attachment.
Scapula
Known as the shoulder bone. Large, triangular flat bone. It forms part of the shoulder girdle.
Humerus
Long bone of the upper arm. Head of this bone join with the scapula. The distal end joins with the radius and ulna.
Radius
Top of the forearm
Ulna
Bottom of the forearm
Carpals
8 small, irregular bones, arranged in two rows of four which make up the wrist. They are closely kept in place by ligaments.
Metacarpals
5 long bones on the palm of each hand. One corresponds it each finger.
Phalanges
Bones that make up the thumbs, fingers and toes.
Pelvis
Made up of 2 hip bones with 3 sections: ilium, ischium and pubis. They fuse together during puberty. Provides socket joint for the femur.
Femur
Known as the thigh bone. Longest and strongest bone of the body.
Patella
Sesamoid bone. Protects the knee joint.
Tibia
Inner, thicker (shin) bone. Is a long bone.
Fibula
Outer, thinner (calf) bone. Is a long bone.
Tarsals
Made up of a 7 short, irregular bones forms the ankle joint. Helps support weight of the body.
Calcancous
Largest tarsal bone. Foundation on rear part of the foot.
Long bones
- longer than they are wide
- generate power
- act as levers to create movement
- produce red blood cells
- humerus, tibia, femur
Short bones
- are as long as they are wide
- used for weight bearing
- absorb shock
- tarsals, carpals
Flat bones
- wide and flat, normally thin
- protect vital organs
- attach muscles
- produce blood
- sternum, ribs, pelvis
Irregular
- irregular shape
- many functions such as protection, attach muscles, support and movement
- lumbar, thoracic, cervical
Sesamoid
- held within a tendon
- reduce friction between the join
- patella
Axial skeleton
- long axis (80 bones)
- provides a core for limbs to hand from
- the skull (cranium and facial bones)
- the thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
- the vertebral column
Appendicular skeleton
- bones that are attached to the axial skeleton (126 bones)
- the upper limbs (60 bones)
- the lower limbs (60 bones)
- the shoulder girdle (4 bones) = connect limbs of the upper body to the thorax
- the pelvic girdle (3 bones) = a solid base to transmit weight to upper body, provided attachment for back and leg muscles and protect digestive and reproductive organs.
Vertebral column
- commonly known as spine
- extends from the base of the cranium to the pelvis
- made up of 33 irregular bones
- protects spinal cord and rib cage
- supports body weight and held together with ligaments
- these allow little movement between each vertebrae but lots of flexibility along the whole spine
- has intervertebral discs to reduce shock of sporting impacts
- normal vertebrae ’S’ shape has a curve in the upper 3
- a neural spine is referred to as good posture
The 5 sections of the vertebral column
- Cervical vertebrae = pivot joint for neck (7 bones)
- Thoracic vertebrae = protects heart and lungs (12 bones)
- Lumbar vertebrae = support weight, concave (5 bones)
- Sacral vertebrae = fused to form sacrum (5 bones)
- Coccygeal vertebrae = fused to form coccyx (4 bones)
Kyphosis
Hunchback
Scoliosis
Curve left and right
Main functions of the skeletal system
- Support and weight bearing
- Protection
- Attachment for skeletal muscles
- Source of blood cell production
- Source/storage of minerals ( calcium and phosphorus)
- Leverage/movement
Ligaments
- Short bands of tough and fibrous flexible tissue that holds bone together.
- primary function = to stabilise the joint.
- holds bone to bone.
- slightly elastic so bones can move correctly
- the more ligaments a joint has, the stronger and more stable it is.
- limit/restrict excessive movement (hyper-extension/flexion)
- prevent unwanted movement
Tendon
Strong fibrous tissue that attaches muscle to a bone.
Concave
Having an outline or surface that curves inwards.
Intervertebral disc
Fibrocartilaginous cushions that acts as the spines shock absorbing system which prevents injury to the brain and vertebrae.
Hyper-extension
A movement of a joint beyond its normal limits, normality beyond 180 degrees.
Hyper-flexion
The flexion of a joint beyond its normal limits of range.
Articulation
When two or more bones meet
Ligament injury
- a ligament injury is often called a sprain
- the ligament damage can be a stretch or tear
- a strain is damage to a muscle or tendon
- sprains are often caused by a sudden twist, impact or fall where the joint moves outside its normal range of movement
- athletes needs strong ear tendons and more elastic ligaments due to increased strength of the muscles.
Grades of a sprain
GRADE 1 = stretching and small tears
GRADE 2 = larger tear
GRADE 3 = complete tear
Flexion
Closing/bending (angle at a joint decreases)
Extension
Opening/straightening (angle at a joint increases)
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body .
Circumduction
Limbs move in a circle
Joint
- where two or more bones meet (articulation)
- bones need to be linked in order to move
- joints are classified by how much movement they allow
Fibrous joint
These are fixed/do not move
E.g. cranium and sacrum
Synovial joint
- Has the highest level of mobility and is vital for sporting movement.
- they make up most of the joints in the body
E.g. hip and shoulder
Cartilaginous joint
- slight movement
- ends are covered with articular cartilage to reduce friction
- the bones are separated by fibrocartilage which absorbs heavy loads
E.g. lumbar vertebrae
Joint capsule
Tough fibrous tissue surrounding the joint and it holds the bone in place and protects the joint.
Synovial membrane
A capsule lining that encloses and releases synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid
Reduces friction by lubricating the joint and maintains joint stability. It also provides nutrients to articular cartilage.
Bursa
Small fluid filled bags which cushions the tendons and bones to reduce friction and wearing away.
E.g. tendons moving across the joint
Hinge joint (synovial)
- allows movement in one directions
- allows flexion and extension
E.g. knee, elbow and ankle
Ball and socket joint (synovial)
- allows greatest range of movement
- allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction
E.g. hip and shoulder
Gliding joint (synovial)
- allows movement over a flat surface in all directions
- bones glide over each other to allow sliding or twisting movements
E.g. wrist, ankle, carpals and tarsals
Pivot joint (synovial)
- circular bone that fits over a peg of another
- allows rotational movements
- least movement of all joints
E.g. elbow, spine and neck
Condyloid joint (synovial)
- similar to ball and socket
- a bump on one bone sits in the hollow of another
- movement is backwards, forwards and side to side
E.g. wrists and knuckles
Saddle joint (synovial)
- joint is shaped like a saddle with another bone resting on it.
- surfaces are concave and convex
- movement is backwards and forwards and side to side
E.g. base of the thumb
Joint flexibility
Depends on age, tension of supporting tendon, muscle around the joint and amount of soft tissue surrounding the joint
