Anatomy Of The Respiratory Sytem Flashcards
1
Q
What is the respiratory system?
A
- provides oxygen to all living tissue in the body
- removes waste products (CO2, heat, water vapour)
- during exercise, transporting oxygen and removing waste products is critical
- the better your body can do this, the better you will perform.
2
Q
Pathway of air we breath in
A
- Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchus
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
3
Q
Nasal cavity (nose)
A
- air enters the nasal cavity through nostrils
- hair filters out dust, pollen and foreign particles
- air is warmed and moistened before passing through the pharynx
- sticky mucous layer traps smaller foreign particles with small hairs (cilia)
4
Q
Pharynx (throat)
A
- small tube from base of skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebrae
- connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and oesophagus
- passage for food and air
- prevent choking
5
Q
Epiglottis
A
- this is the flap of cartilage at the back of the tongue
- closes the top of the trachea when you swallow to ensure food doesn’t pass into your lungs
6
Q
Larynx (voice box)
A
- contain vocal cords
- connect the pharynx to the trachea
7
Q
Lungs
A
- organs that allow oxygen to be drawn into the body
- left and right
- left is smaller than right
8
Q
Trachea (windpipe)
A
- contains rings of cartilage to prevent it collapsing and is flexible
- travels down the neck in front of the oesophagus and branches
9
Q
Bronchus
A
- carry air to the lungs
- divide into left and right bronchi
- each bronchus divided into lobar bronchi (3 right, 3 left)
- then they divide again
10
Q
Bronchioles
A
- small airways that extend from bronchi
- these connect the bronchi to smaller cluster called alveoli
11
Q
Alveoli
A
- at the end of each bronchiole
- responsible for the transfer of oxygen into nth blood and removal of waste products (gaseous exchange)
- huge surface area for maximal gaseous exchange
- capillaries surround each alveoli
12
Q
Diaphragm
A
- flat muscles beneath lungs
- when it contracts it flattens, increasing the volume of cavity chest, drawing air into the lungs
- relaxation involves recoil of the diaphragm decreasing the volume of the chest cavity, pushing air out
13
Q
Thoracic cavity
A
- chamber of the chest
- ribs, heart, lungs, trachea and diaphragm
14
Q
Pleura ( visceral and parietal)
A
- each lung is surrounded by a fluid-filled membrane (pulmonary pleura)
- the liquid lubricates and r3duces friction between the lungs and the thoracic cavity when breathing
15
Q
Intercostal muscles
A
- these are internal and external and found between the ribs
- they help with inhalation and exhalation
-internal intercostal = draws ribs downwards and inward (decrease volume - exhalation) - external intercostal = pull ribs upwards and outwards (increased volume - inhalation)
16
Q
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
A
- the process by which air is transported into and out of the lungs
- the thorax increases and decreases in size to take air in and force it out via two phases: inspirations and expiration
17
Q
Inspiration
A
- breathing air into the lungs
- intercostal (external) muscles contract
- lifts ribs upwards and outwards
- diaphragm (contract) and is forced downwards
- decrease in pressure which encourages air to be drawn into lungs
18
Q
Expiration
A
- breathing air out of the lungs
- intercostal (external) muscles relax, internal contract
- ribs are drawn inwards and downwards
- diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards returning to its dome shape
- pressure is increased and air is pushed out of the body
19
Q
Gaseous exchange
A
- the process in which one type of gas is exchanged for another
- it takes place in the alveoli in the lungs
- occurs by diffusion between blood in the capillaries (one cell thick and moist) which surround the alveoli walls
- oxygen is delivered from lungs to the blood stream while removing CO2
- diffusion is where a substance passes through a cell membrane to get into a cell or get out of
- substances move from high concentration to a low concentration
- alveoli and capillary walls form a respiratory membrane (gas on one side and blood on the other)
- blood enters capillaries from pulmonary artery has lower oxygen concentration and a high concentration of CO2 than the air concentration in the alveoli
- oxygen diffuses into the blood via the surface of the alveoli, through thin walls of the capillaries. This is called a short diffusion pathway
# once a Roos the red cell membrane it then attaches onto Haemoglobin.
20
Q
Respiratory rate
A
-volume of air you breath in 1 minute
-average (18 years at rest) approximately 12 breaths/min
-6 litres if air passing through lungs
- during exercise, 30-40 breaths/min
21
Q
Tidal volume
A
- volume air breathed in and out with each breath (500ml). Only 2/3rds reach the alveoli for gaseous exchange. The remaining is known as dead/stationary air.
- during exercise tidal volume increases to allow more air to pass through lungs
22
Q
Minute volume
A
- volume of air passing through the lungs each minute
- tidal volume x breathing rate
23
Q
Residual volume
A
- air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration, approx 1200ml
-the lungs would collapse if they were ever fully emptied of air.
24
Q
Vital capacity
A
- the volume of air that can be forced out if the lungs after maximum inspiration (4800ml)
25
Q
Inspiratory reserve volume
A
- when you breath deeply and take in more air than usual
26
Q
Expiratory reserve volume
A
- amount of additional air that can be breathed out after normal expiration (big breath out)
27
Q
Total lung volume
A
- total lung capacity after you have inhaled as much as you can (6000ml)
28
Q
Neural responses
A
- neuron’s in the brain are critical in respiration
- they are located in the middle of your brain
- they are responsible for involuntary functions such as breathing
- they are part of a respiratory centre that responds I changes detected by chemoreceptors
- they send messages to the medulla oblongata in increases breathing rate in response to exercise
29
Q
Chemical response
A
- during exercise we produce CO2 via respiration, special sensors called chemoreceptors detect changes in the CO2 levels and blood pH (blood acidity increases as CO2 levels increase)
- chemoreceptors respond by sending a message to a part of the brain called the medulla oblongata to change the breathing
