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Functional Anatomy - Pritchard > Anatomy Of The Respiratory Sytem > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The Respiratory Sytem Flashcards

1
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A
  • provides oxygen to all living tissue in the body
  • removes waste products (CO2, heat, water vapour)
  • during exercise, transporting oxygen and removing waste products is critical
  • the better your body can do this, the better you will perform.
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2
Q

Pathway of air we breath in

A
  1. Nasal cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchus
  6. Bronchioles
  7. Alveoli
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3
Q

Nasal cavity (nose)

A
  • air enters the nasal cavity through nostrils
  • hair filters out dust, pollen and foreign particles
  • air is warmed and moistened before passing through the pharynx
  • sticky mucous layer traps smaller foreign particles with small hairs (cilia)
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4
Q

Pharynx (throat)

A
  • small tube from base of skull to the level of the sixth cervical vertebrae
  • connects nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and oesophagus
  • passage for food and air
  • prevent choking
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5
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • this is the flap of cartilage at the back of the tongue
  • closes the top of the trachea when you swallow to ensure food doesn’t pass into your lungs
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6
Q

Larynx (voice box)

A
  • contain vocal cords
  • connect the pharynx to the trachea
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7
Q

Lungs

A
  • organs that allow oxygen to be drawn into the body
  • left and right
  • left is smaller than right
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8
Q

Trachea (windpipe)

A
  • contains rings of cartilage to prevent it collapsing and is flexible
  • travels down the neck in front of the oesophagus and branches
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9
Q

Bronchus

A
  • carry air to the lungs
  • divide into left and right bronchi
  • each bronchus divided into lobar bronchi (3 right, 3 left)
  • then they divide again
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10
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • small airways that extend from bronchi
  • these connect the bronchi to smaller cluster called alveoli
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11
Q

Alveoli

A
  • at the end of each bronchiole
  • responsible for the transfer of oxygen into nth blood and removal of waste products (gaseous exchange)
  • huge surface area for maximal gaseous exchange
  • capillaries surround each alveoli
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12
Q

Diaphragm

A
  • flat muscles beneath lungs
  • when it contracts it flattens, increasing the volume of cavity chest, drawing air into the lungs
  • relaxation involves recoil of the diaphragm decreasing the volume of the chest cavity, pushing air out
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13
Q

Thoracic cavity

A
  • chamber of the chest
  • ribs, heart, lungs, trachea and diaphragm
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14
Q

Pleura ( visceral and parietal)

A
  • each lung is surrounded by a fluid-filled membrane (pulmonary pleura)
  • the liquid lubricates and r3duces friction between the lungs and the thoracic cavity when breathing
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15
Q

Intercostal muscles

A
  • these are internal and external and found between the ribs
  • they help with inhalation and exhalation
    -internal intercostal = draws ribs downwards and inward (decrease volume - exhalation)
  • external intercostal = pull ribs upwards and outwards (increased volume - inhalation)
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16
Q

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

A
  • the process by which air is transported into and out of the lungs
  • the thorax increases and decreases in size to take air in and force it out via two phases: inspirations and expiration
17
Q

Inspiration

A
  • breathing air into the lungs
  • intercostal (external) muscles contract
  • lifts ribs upwards and outwards
  • diaphragm (contract) and is forced downwards
  • decrease in pressure which encourages air to be drawn into lungs
18
Q

Expiration

A
  • breathing air out of the lungs
  • intercostal (external) muscles relax, internal contract
  • ribs are drawn inwards and downwards
  • diaphragm relaxes and moves upwards returning to its dome shape
  • pressure is increased and air is pushed out of the body
19
Q

Gaseous exchange

A
  • the process in which one type of gas is exchanged for another
  • it takes place in the alveoli in the lungs
  • occurs by diffusion between blood in the capillaries (one cell thick and moist) which surround the alveoli walls
  • oxygen is delivered from lungs to the blood stream while removing CO2
  • diffusion is where a substance passes through a cell membrane to get into a cell or get out of
  • substances move from high concentration to a low concentration
  • alveoli and capillary walls form a respiratory membrane (gas on one side and blood on the other)
  • blood enters capillaries from pulmonary artery has lower oxygen concentration and a high concentration of CO2 than the air concentration in the alveoli
  • oxygen diffuses into the blood via the surface of the alveoli, through thin walls of the capillaries. This is called a short diffusion pathway
    # once a Roos the red cell membrane it then attaches onto Haemoglobin.
20
Q

Respiratory rate

A

-volume of air you breath in 1 minute
-average (18 years at rest) approximately 12 breaths/min
-6 litres if air passing through lungs
- during exercise, 30-40 breaths/min

21
Q

Tidal volume

A
  • volume air breathed in and out with each breath (500ml). Only 2/3rds reach the alveoli for gaseous exchange. The remaining is known as dead/stationary air.
  • during exercise tidal volume increases to allow more air to pass through lungs
22
Q

Minute volume

A
  • volume of air passing through the lungs each minute
  • tidal volume x breathing rate
23
Q

Residual volume

A
  • air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration, approx 1200ml
    -the lungs would collapse if they were ever fully emptied of air.
24
Q

Vital capacity

A
  • the volume of air that can be forced out if the lungs after maximum inspiration (4800ml)
25
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A
  • when you breath deeply and take in more air than usual
26
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A
  • amount of additional air that can be breathed out after normal expiration (big breath out)
27
Q

Total lung volume

A
  • total lung capacity after you have inhaled as much as you can (6000ml)
28
Q

Neural responses

A
  • neuron’s in the brain are critical in respiration
  • they are located in the middle of your brain
  • they are responsible for involuntary functions such as breathing
  • they are part of a respiratory centre that responds I changes detected by chemoreceptors
  • they send messages to the medulla oblongata in increases breathing rate in response to exercise
29
Q

Chemical response

A
  • during exercise we produce CO2 via respiration, special sensors called chemoreceptors detect changes in the CO2 levels and blood pH (blood acidity increases as CO2 levels increase)
  • chemoreceptors respond by sending a message to a part of the brain called the medulla oblongata to change the breathing

Functional Anatomy - Pritchard (3 decks)

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