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After the MSA > Anatomy of the neck > Flashcards

Anatomy of the neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the compartments in the neck?

A
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Visceral
  • Left vascular
  • Right vascular
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2
Q

What is in the musculoskeletal compartment?

A
  • Vertebrae
  • Deep cervical muscles
  • Neck muscles
  • Prevertebral fascia
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3
Q

What is in the visceral compartment?

A
  • Trachea
  • Oesophagus
  • Larynx
  • Pharynx
  • Pretracheal fascia
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4
Q

What is in the vascular compartments?

A
  • Internal jugular vein
  • Common or internal carotid
  • Vagus nerve
  • Carotid sheath
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5
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle?

A
  • Inferior border of the mandible
  • Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid
  • Midline of the neck
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6
Q

What is the roof of the anterior triangle?

A

Deep investing fascia around the muscles

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7
Q

What is the floor of the anterior triangle?

A

Pretracheal fascia and carotid sheath

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8
Q

What is the anterior triangle divided into?

A
  • Submandibular triangle
  • Submental triangle
  • Carotid triangle
  • Omotracheal triangle
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9
Q

What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?

A
  • Anterior and posterior bellies of digastric

* Body of the mandible

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10
Q

What is in the submandibular triangle?

A
  • Submandibular gland
  • Submandibular lymph node
  • Facial artery and vein
  • Part of CNXII - hypoglossal
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11
Q

What are the borders of the submental triangle?

A
  • Anterior belly of digastric
  • Hyoid
  • Midline
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12
Q

What is in the submental triangle?

A

• Submental lymph nodes

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13
Q

Where does the anterior belly of digastric originate?

A

• Digastric fossa on the lower medial aspect of the mandible

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14
Q

Where does the posterior belly of digastric originate?

A

At the mastoid notch on the medial side of the mastoid process

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15
Q

Where do the bellies of digastric insert?

A

At the attachment of their intermediate tendon at the hyoid

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16
Q

What is the action of digastric?

A
  • Anterior belly: raises the hyoid and opens the mouth by lowering the mandible
  • Posterior belly elevates and retracts the hyoid
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17
Q

What is the innervation of digastric?

A
  • Anterior belly: nerve to mylohyoid (CN v3)

* Posterior belly: digastric branch of CNVII (facial nerve)

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18
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A
  • Posterior belly of digastric
  • Superior belly of omohyoid
  • Sternocleidomastoid
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19
Q

What is the contents of the carotid triangle?

A
  • Thyroid gland
  • Larynx
  • Pharynx
  • Carotid sheath
  • Branches of the cervical plexus
  • Ansa cervicalis
  • Deep cervical lymph nodes
  • Parts of CNXI and XII (glossopharyngeal and hypoglossal)
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20
Q

What are the borders of the omotracheal triangle?

A
  • Superior belly of omohyid
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternocleidomastoid
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21
Q

what is the contents of the omotracheal triangle?

A
  • Sternohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
  • Thyroid muscles
  • Parathyroid glands
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22
Q

What are the supra hyoid muscles?

A
  • Mylohyoid
  • Digastric
  • Stylohyoid
  • Geniohyoid
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23
Q

What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

• Raise hyoid during swallowing

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24
Q

What are the infrahyoid (strap muscles)

A
  • Sternohyoid
  • Omohyoid
  • Thyrohyoid
  • Sternothyroid
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25
Q

What do the infra hyoid muscles do?

A

Depress the hyoid

26
Q

What is the innervation of the infra hyoid (Strap) muscles?

A
  • Sternohyoid, omohyoid, and sternothyroid are innervated by the rami of C1-3
  • Thyrohyoid is innervated by C1 (hitch hiking on CN XII)
27
Q

Describe the position of the thyroid gland

A
  • Within the visceral compartment of the neck
  • Composed of two lateral lobes that extend from the thyroid cartilage to the 5th tracheal ring
  • Midline isthmus is level of the 3rd tracheal ring
28
Q

What is the midline pyramidal lobe a remnant of?

A

The thyroglossal duct

29
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Superior thyroid artery (1st branch of the external carotid)
  • Inferior thyroid artery (branch of the thyrocervical trunk from the subclavian)
30
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland?

A
  • Superior thyroid vein (into IJV)
  • Middle thyroid vein (into IJV)
  • Inferior thyroid vein (into brachiocephalic)
31
Q

What is the venous drainage of the parathyroid gland?

A
  • Superior thyroid vein (into IJV)
  • middle thyroid vein (into IJV)
  • Inferior thyroid vein (into brachiocephalic)
32
Q

What are the parathyroid glands?

A
  • Two pairs of small glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid (exact position varies)
  • Regulate calcium and phosphorus metabolism
  • Secretes parathyroid hormone and releases calcium from the stores
33
Q

What is the arterial supply of the parathyroid gland?

A

Inferior thyroid arteries (branch of the thyrocervical trunk from subclavian)

34
Q

what is the innervation of the thyroid and parathyroid?

A

• Thyroid branches from the cervical ganglia

35
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle?

A
  • Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
  • Anterior border of trapezius
  • Middle 3rd clavicle
  • Occipital bone
36
Q

What is the roof of the posterior triangle?

A
  • Deep investing fascia

* Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

37
Q

What is the floor of the posterior triangle?

A
  • Prevertebral fascia
  • splenius capitis
  • Levator scapulae
  • Scalene muscles
  • Accessory nerve, branch of brachial plexus
38
Q

What are the subregions of the posterior triangle?

A
  • occipital triangle
  • Omoclavicular
  • Minor supraclavicular triangle
39
Q

What is in the occipital triangle?

A
  • Accessory nerve

* Brachial plexus

40
Q

What is in the minor supraclavicular triangle?

A
  • Inferior bulb of internal jugular vein

* Between 2 heads of sternocleidomastoid

41
Q

What is in the retromandibular fossa?

A
  • Parotid gland
  • Styloglossus, stylohyoid, stylopharyngeal
  • Stylomandibular and stylohyoid ligaments
  • Retromandibular vein, maximally are superficial temporal vessels
42
Q

What forms the cervical plexus?

A

• Anterior rami of C1-4 deep to sternocleidomastoid

43
Q

What are the muscular branches of the cerivcal plexus?

A
  • Phrenic nerve (C3-5) to the diaphragm

* Ansa cervicali (C1-3) to the infra hyoid muscle (1 branch from cervical plexus, 1 from hypoglossal)

44
Q

What are the cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus?

A
  • Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
  • Great auricular nerve (C2-3)
  • Transverse cervical nerve (C2-3)
  • Supraclavicular nerve (C3-4)
45
Q

What is Erb’s point?

A
  • Where the cutaneous branches become superficial

* Halfway on the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid

46
Q

What are the common carotids branches of?

A
  • aortic arch on the left

* brachiocephalic trunk on the right

47
Q

When does the carotid bifurcate into the internal and external arteries?

A

c3/4

48
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

Enlargement or dilation at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
• Contains baroreceptors sensitive to stretch
• Monitors blood pressure and helps keep it within homeostatic values

49
Q

Innervation of the carotid sinus

A
  • CNIX
  • To the cardioregulatory and vasomotor centre in the medulla
  • To the dorsal nucleus of the vagus
50
Q

What is the carotid body

A
  • Small body (approx 2-5mm) which houses chemoreceptors located at the common carotid artery
  • Monitors blood O2, CO2 and pH
  • Responds in emergency situations by increasing respiration, blood pressure and cardiac rate
51
Q

What is the innervation of Carotid body?

A
  • CNIX
  • Nucleus to the tracts solitaires
  • to the cardioregulatory and vasomotor centres in the medulla
  • To the dorsal nucleus of the vagus
52
Q

What are the superficial veins of the neck?

A
  • Internal jugular
  • Anterior jugular
  • External jugular
53
Q

What is the internal jugular vein a continuation of?

A

Sigmoid sinus

54
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein exit the skull?

A

Via the jugular foramen

55
Q

Describe the route of the internal jugular vein

A
  • Enters the carotid sheath and runs lateral to the common carotid artery
  • Joins the subclavian vein to become the brachiocephalic vein
56
Q

Where does the external jugular vein begin?

A

At the angle of the mandible, joining the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins

57
Q

Describe the course of the external jugular vein

A
  • begins at the angle of the mandible, joining the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins
  • Crosses over SCM
  • Pierces investing fascia to enter and drain into subclavian vein
58
Q

What are the risks of cannulating the external jugular vein?

A

Pressure is negative within because of fascia, air could be sucked in if cannulated

59
Q

Where does the anterior jugular vein arise?

A

Near the hyoid bone

60
Q

Where does the anterior jugular vein drain?

A

Into the external jugular vein

61
Q

What is the jugular venous arch?

A

Connection of left and right anterior jugular veins

After the MSA (22 decks)

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