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RE > Anatomy of the Male and Female Pelvic Organs > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Male and Female Pelvic Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Label the Female Reproductive System.

A

insert diagram

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2
Q

Ovaries: Function:

A
  • oocyte development
  • folliculogenesis
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3
Q

Fallopian Tube: Function:

A
  • transit of ovum
  • fertilisation of ovaum into
    zygote
  • transit of zygote
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4
Q

Uterus: Function:

A
  • implantation of zygote
  • development and nutrition
    of the embryo/foetus
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5
Q

Layers of the Uterus:

A
  • composed of myometrium =
    smooth muscle
  • outer = connective tissue
    and
    peritoneum/perimetrium
  • inner = endometrium =
    vascular mucous layer
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6
Q

In which layer of the uterus does the embryo implant?

A

Endometrial Layer

Also the layer lost during menstruation

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7
Q

Describe uterine walls and shape of organ.

A
  • thick walled
  • pear-shaped organ
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8
Q

What is the normal position of the uterus?

A
  • anteverted
  • anteflexed
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9
Q

What does Version desccribe?

A

the position of the cervix in relation to the vagina

eg anterversion in anatomical plane

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10
Q

What does flexion describe?

A

the position of the fundus and uterine body in relation to the cervix

eg anteflexed in anatomical position

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11
Q

Uterus:

A

insert diagram

cervix is thick and narrow area

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12
Q

What are the fallopian tubes?

A

a pair of hollow, muscular ducts located between the ovaries and the uterus

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13
Q

What does the fallopian tube consist of?

A

A thin mucous membrane and muscular layers

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14
Q

Fallopian Tubes:

A
  • fimbrae are finger like projections
  • the ovary is not in contact with the
    fallopian tube
  • the fimbrae help bring the egg into
    the fallopian tube
  • infundibulum = funnel shape
  • ampulla = outpouching
  • isthmus = connects to the uterus
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15
Q

In anatomical position where is the ovaries in relation to the uterus and fallopian tubes?

A
  • posterior to the fallopian tubes
  • lateral and superior to the uterus
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16
Q

What is the position of the uterus shown below?

A

retroverted and anteflexed

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17
Q

What is the position of the uterus shown below?

A

retroverted and retroflexed

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18
Q

Variation in position of uterus generally results in pathology.

True or False?

A

False

normal variation
some tightness in ligaments
very few result in pathology

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19
Q

Ectopic pregnancies (abdominal) occur when

A

the fimbrae of the fallopian tube fail to bring the egg into the fallopian tube and hence the egg is sitting elsewhere in the abdomen

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20
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in the fallopian tube?

A

Ampulla of fallopian tube

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21
Q

Ovaries:
- how many
- shape
- attached to the posterior surface
of the

A
  • paired
  • oval shaped organs
  • attached to the posterior surface
    of the broad ligament
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22
Q

What is X?

A

broad ligament is connective tissue, peritoneal layer that covers ovaries and fallopian tube and fans out

white projection next to the bladder is the ureters

structure running to ovaries on right hand side?

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23
Q

What are the three main histological features of the ovaries?

A
  • outer surface
  • cortex with developing follicles
  • medulla with blood vessels
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24
Q

Label the three main histological features of the ovaries.

A

insert diagram

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25
Q

Which two arteries are the main arteries from branches arise to supply the female reproductive system?

A
  • internal iliac artery gives off the
    uterine artery
  • abdominal aorta gives off the ovarian
    artery
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26
Q

Why does the abdominal aorta supply the female reproductive system despite the ovaries residing in the pelvis?

A

due to the descent of the gonads

blood supply from the gonads is also drawn down

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27
Q

Label.

A
  • abdominal aorta
  • gonadal arteries
  • common iliac arteries

insert diagram

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28
Q

Label the arteries.

A

uterine artery branches off into the vaginal artery

ureter

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29
Q

Where does anastomoses of the ovarian artery and uterine artery occur?

A

the fallopian tube

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30
Q

Blood supply to the falllopian tube from the

A

uterine and ovarian artery

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31
Q

Label views and arteries.

A

insert diagrams

sagittal view

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32
Q

During hysterectomies what is at risk of damage?

A

ureter which passes under the uterine artery

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33
Q

Bony landmark between abdomen and pelvis?

A

None

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34
Q

What is the broad ligament?

A
  • the periotneum passes superiorly over
    the pelvic organs
  • as the peritoneum folds over the body
    of the uterus it creates a broad sheet
    of peritoneum enclosing the uterus
  • which is the broad ligament
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35
Q

What is the name of the peritoneal pouch anterior to the uterus formed by the folding of the broad ligament?

A

vesicouterine pouch

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36
Q

What is the name of the peritoneal pouch posterior to the uterus formed by the folding of the broad ligament?

A

rectouterine pouch (of douglas)

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37
Q

Draw the broad ligament.

A
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38
Q

Intraperitoneal organs are enclosed in peritoneum hence

A

*fully or almost fully enclosed
*are mobile organs

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39
Q

Which of the pelvic organs are intraperitoneal?

A

uterus

during pregnancy uterus grows hence needs to be mobile

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40
Q

What is the lowest point in the peritoneal cavity?

A

the rectouterine pouch

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41
Q

Label the ligaments.

A
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42
Q

The ovaries descend down and are held in place by

A

the suspensory ligament of the ovary

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43
Q

What vessels run within the suspensory ligament of the ovary?

A

the ovarian artery and vein

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44
Q

Ovarian ligament:
- runs between
- length
- function

A
  • ovary and uterus
  • short
  • holds the ovary in close proximity to
    the uterus
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45
Q

Round Ligament of the Uterus:
- runs between
- function

A
  • runs from uterus and attaches to the
    front of the abdomen
  • when gonads descends they are
    pulled down by the gubernaculum
  • the gubernaculum differentiates into
    the round ligament of the uterus in
    females
46
Q

What are the three divisions of the broad ligament?

A
  • Mesometrium: covers the uterus
    (metrium) and runs to the side of the
    pelvis
  • Mesovarium: in sagittal view, runs
    between the ovary and mesometrium
    and mesosaplinx -> very small
  • Mesosalpinx: runs between the ovary
    and the fallopian tube
47
Q

Broad Ligament Divisions:

A

insert diagram

48
Q

The round ligament is the embryonic remnant of the

A

gubernaculum

49
Q

Gubernaculum:

A
  • structure brings the gonads down
    during development
  • becomes the ovarian ligament
  • continues round to form the
    suspensory ligament which
    attaches to the anterior abdominal
    wall
  • also attaches to the labia majora
50
Q

Cervix:
- location
- composition
- function
- histology (2):

A
  • part of the uterus which projects
    inferiorly into the vagina
  • highly muscular
  • keeps bacteria out of the uterus
  • abrupt change of epithelium at the
    external os of the cervix
  • changes from simple columnar to
    stratified squamous epithelium at the
    squamocolumnar junction =
    transformation zone
51
Q

Where do most cervical cancers start?

A
  • transformation zone
  • squamocolumnar junction
  • simple columner epithelial lining in
    internal os changes to stratified
    squamous epithelial lining at external
    os

why?

52
Q

Cervix:

A

insert diagram

53
Q

Vagina:
- composition
- extends
- between
- vagina is posterior to
- vagina is anterior to

A
  • distensible fibromuscular tube
  • extends posterosuperiorly
  • from the external vaginal orifice to the
    cervix
  • vagina is posterior to the bladder
  • vagina is anterior to the rectum
54
Q

Vagina:

A

the anterior and posterior fornix are the spaces in the vagina anterior and posterior to the cervix

55
Q

Male Reproductive System:

A

insert diagram

56
Q

Male Gonadal Descent:

A
  • develop in the abdomen
  • during foetal development descend
    into the scrotum
  • external gonads
57
Q

Testes:
- location
- function

A
  • paired oval organ
  • within the scrotum
  • produce sperm, testosterone and
    other androgens
  • tunica vaginalis is space filled with
    fluid. Outpouching of peritoneum.
58
Q

Epididymis:
- location
- function

A
  • situated on the posterolateral aspect
    of each testicle within the scrotum
  • suspended from the abdomen by the
    spermatic cord
  • transport sperm from the testes to the
    vas deferens
59
Q

Label

A
  • tunica vaginalis is fluid filled
  • seminiferous tubules connect to rete
    testis which connects to the
    epididymis
  • superior pole of epididymis = head
  • body is less coiled
  • tail straightens out and continues
    upwards toward the prostate and
    ejaculatory ducts as the ductus
    deferens
60
Q

Ductus Deferens:
- is
- content of
- function

A
  • muscular tube
  • content of the spermatocord
  • propels spermatozoa from the
    epididymis through the spermatic
    cord, inguinal canal towards the back
    of the bladder where it joins the
    seminal vesicles
61
Q

Draw the pathway of the ductus deferens.

A
62
Q

Seminal Vesicles:
- location
- function

A
  • long tubular glands
  • located between the fundus of the
    bladder (posterior) and the rectum
  • connect with the ductus deferens in
    the prostate where it forms the
    ejaculatory duct
  • produces and stores semen to the
    spermatozoa
63
Q
A
64
Q

Prostate Gland:
- location
- relation to urethra
- function

A
  • directly inferior to the male bladder
  • urethra transverses the prostate and
    so any enlargement of the gland can
    impinge on the urethra
  • produces seminal fluid to protect
    spermatazoa during transport
65
Q

The prostatic utricle is an embryological remnant of

A
  • Mullerian tube
  • gives rise to the uterus, fallopian tubes
    and cervix
66
Q

Prostate Gland:
- histological divisions

A
  • three zones:
  • transitional zone: surrounds urethra,
    BPH
  • peripheral zone: posterior aspect of
    the prostate, most prostatic cancers
  • central zone:
67
Q

Prostate Gland:

A

insert diagrams

68
Q

Bulbourethral Glands:
- are
- location
- function

A
  • pea-shaped exocrine glands
  • posterolateral to membranous
    urethra
  • found in the deep perineal pouch (part
    of the perineum)
  • secrete fluid
69
Q

Bulbourethral Glands:

A

insert diagram

70
Q

Penis:
- anatomical divisions

A
  • three anatomical divisions: root, body
    and glans
  • root and body and glans are spanned
    by three masses of erectile tissue
  • corpus cavernosum x2 = deep penile
    arteries
  • corpus spongiosum = urethra runs
    through
71
Q

Penis:

A

label root, body and glans (end)

72
Q

Male Urethra Divisions (4):

A
  • pre-prostatic: bladder forms urethra
  • prostatic: in prostate
  • membranous: small, passes through
    perineal floor
  • spongy: within the erectile tissue
72
Q

Male Reproductive System: Blood Supply:

A
  • abdominal aorta -> testicular artery
  • internal iliac artery gives off inferior
    vesicular artery (inferior part of
    bladder) gives off branch -> prostatic
    artery
  • internal iliac artery gives off internal
    pudenal branch gives off the dorsal
    artery

internal pudenal supplies the perineum (both male and female)

Males and Females both have a superior vesicular artery

72
Q

Blood Supply:

A

insert diagrams

72
Q

Male Peritoneal Folds:

A
  • peritoneum passes superiorly over the
    pelvic organs
  • rectovesicle pouch formed between
    bladder and rectum
  • lowest point of pelvic cavity =
    infection, extra-fluid
72
Q
A

A = testicle
B = process vaginalis
C = head of epidydimus

73
Q
A

A = fallopian tubes
B = fundus of uterus (anterior)
C = round ligament of uterus (anteriorly running)

74
Q
A

A = ductus deferens
B = prostate gland
C = bladder
D = cervix

75
Q

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall:

A
76
Q

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall:

A
77
Q

Anterior Spine:

A

insert diagram

78
Q

Inguinal ligament

A

the inferior border of the external oblique’s aponeurosis rolls under itself to create the inguinal ligament

79
Q

Inguinal Ligament:

A

insert diagram

label inguinal canal

from the anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle
grey = aponeurosis rolled onto itself forms the ligament

80
Q

Layers of the Abdomen:

A
  • skin
  • subcutaneous fatty tissue
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transversus abdominis
  • transversalis fascia
  • peritoneum
81
Q

The inguinal canal is created by

A

part of the inguinal ligament

82
Q

What neurovasculature passes underneath the inguinal ligament?

A
  • femoral artery
  • femoral vein
  • femoral nerve
83
Q

Inguinal Canal: Contents:

A
  • testicular artery and vein
  • ductus deferens passes back up
  • in females the rounf ligament of the
    uterus passes through the inguinal
    canal
84
Q

Spermatic Cord: Contents:

A
  • testicular artery
  • ductus deferens
  • pampiniform venous plexus: comes
    from the testicular vein, encircles the
    testicular artery
  • genital branch of the geniotofemoral
    nerve
  • ilioinguinal nerve (runs with the cord)
    on the most superficial layer of the
    spermatocord = NOT DEEP!!!

TDPGI

85
Q

Spermatic Cord:

A
86
Q

Purpose of pampiniform venous plexus encircling testicular artery?

A

thermoregulation within the scrotum to keep the sperm viable

87
Q

Inguinal Canal:

A

*skin
*external spermatic fascia
*cremaster muscle/fascia
*internal spermatic fascia

88
Q

The deep inguinal ring is the point at which

A

the contents of the spermatic cord enter the abdominal wall

89
Q

Excluding skin, how many layers to the spermatocord?

A

3 layers

90
Q

Superficial inguinal ring is the point at which the spermatocord

A

emerges from the abdominal wall

91
Q

Inguinal Rings

A

anterior-superior view

  • all layers of abdomen
  • external iliac vessels passes under
    inguinal ligament and emerges as
    femoral vessels
  • testicular artery/plexus
  • deep inguinal ring -> spermatic cord
    enters abdominal wall
  • superficial inguinal ring -> spermatic
    cord emerges from abdominal wall
92
Q

Inguinal Canal and Abdominal Muscles:

A

only external and internal oblique contribute to spermatic cord

93
Q

Cremaster muscle function:

A
  • cremaster reflex
  • draws scrotum closer to abdomen
  • thermoregulation

*stroke inner thigh

Genitofemoral nerve L1 and 2

94
Q

Spermatocord Development:

A
  • gonad initially sits high in peritoneum
  • testes descend in peritoneum to the
    deep inguinal ring (midpoint of
    inguinal ligament)
  • peritoneum attaches to gonad and
    starts to form processus vaginalis
    eventually forming tunica vaginalis
  • further descends through
    transversalis fascia forming the
    internal spermatic fascia once passes
    through the superficial ring
  • passes through transversus abdominis
    which does not contribute to the
    spermatocord
  • pulls internal oblique downward
  • forming the cremaster muscle
  • external oblique is also pulled down
  • forming the external spermatic fascia
  • throughout the process the processus
    vaginalis is pulled down
  • contents may herniate
  • peritoneum is generally pinched off
  • hence forming tunica vaginalis
95
Q

Label

A

insert diagram

96
Q

Label

A

insert diagram

97
Q

what is the midpoint of the inguinal ligament?

A

the deep inguinal ring

hence the midpoint between anterior iliac spine and pubic tubercule

98
Q

Formation of the Round Ligament of the Uterus:

A

gubernaculum pulls ovaries down
round ligament passes through deep and superficial ring and attaches to the labia majora

99
Q

Inguinal Hernias:

A
  • protrusion of peritoneum or viscera
    through opening or weakness
  • inguinal hernias = 75%
  • usually harmless
  • risk of blood supply strangulation
  • if blood supply cut off at opening in
    abdominal wall then surgery
100
Q

Direct vs Indirect Hernias:

A

landmark differentiation are the inferior epigastric vessels which arise from the external iliac vessels

101
Q

Label vessels and hernia type

A

insert diagrams

102
Q

Hasselbach’s Triangle:

A
  • inferior epigastric vessels
  • inguinal ligament
  • lateral border of rectus abdominis
  • direct hernias occur due to a
    weakness in hasselbach’s triangle in
    the anterior abdominal wall
103
Q

Hasselbach’s Triangle:

A

looking at posterior part of abdominal wall

104
Q

Hydrocoele:

A
  • persistent processus vaginalis
  • peritoneal fluid
105
Q

Varicocoele:

A
  • varicosity of pampiniform plexus
  • valve dysfunction
  • renal pathology
  • L side venous damage….left because
    of the position of the abdominal aorta
    and IVC…left gonadal vein drains at a
    perpendicular angle hence more
    restricted than the right
106
Q

Label

A

insert diagram

107
Q

Testicular Torition

A

spermatocord twists
contents are compressed

RE (52 decks)

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