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SEM2 ANATOMY > Anatomy of the heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the innervation of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerve C3-C5

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2
Q

What are the four layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal serous pericardium
Serous fluid
Visceral serous pericardium

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3
Q

Another name for the visceral serous pericardium is what?

A

Epicardium

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4
Q

What structures does the transverse pericardial sinus separate?

A

Aorta and pulmonary trunk (outflow) from venous inflow vessels

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5
Q

Where is the oblique pericardial sinus found?

A

Posterior to left atrium

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6
Q

In what part of the heart wall are the vessels and nerves of the cardiac conducting system found?

A

Subendocardial layer

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7
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

A ridge running from the opening of SVC to opening of IVC

Divides atrium in to vena cava sinus and atrium proper

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8
Q

What is the main structural difference between the sinus of vena cavae and atrium proper?

A

Sinus of vena cavae has smooth muscle walls, whereas atrium proper has rough muscular walls formed by pectinate muscles

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9
Q

What ventricular structure is homologous with the atrial pectinate muscles?

A

Trabeculae carnae

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10
Q

What structure separates the inflow and outflow portions of the right ventricle?

A

supraventricular crest

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11
Q

What are the three types of trabeculae carnae muscle? How are they identified structurally?

A

Ridges –> attached along entire length of ventricle
Bridges –> attached only at both ends
Pillars –> Base anchored to ventricular wall, apices attach to chordae tendinae to make up valve structures

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12
Q

The moderator band has important functions in cardiac conduction. What is its structure?

A

Trabeculae carnae bridge

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13
Q

How is the inflow portion of the RV disinguished structurally from the outflow portion?

A

Inflow has rough trabeculae carnae structures in its walls, outflow portion has smooth walls

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14
Q

What is the conus arteriosus?

A

Outflow portion of RV

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15
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Pillar shaped trabeculae carnae that are structural components of the tricuspid valves

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16
Q

How is the inflow portion of the LA distinguished structurally from the outflow portion?

A

Inflow portion has smooth surface (dervied from pulmonary endothelium)
Outlfow portion lined with pectinate muscles

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17
Q

What is different about the development of the inflow and outflow portions of each of the heart chambers?

A

Each inflow and outflow portion is embryologically distinct

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18
Q

How can RV be distinguished from LV in terms of structure?

A

Trabeculae carnae are thinner and more delicate in LV

LV has a thicker myocardium

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19
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton?

A

A ring of dense fibrous connective tissue in a plane between atria and ventricles

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20
Q

What are the four rings of the cardiac skeleton?

A

2 x rings around each atrioventricular oriface
Fibrous ring of pulmonary oriface
Fibrous ring of aortic oriface

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21
Q

What is the left fibrous trigone?

A

Thickened area of connective tissue that separates the aortic ring and left atrioventricular ring

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22
Q

What is the right fibrous trigone?

A

Thickened area of dense connective tissue separating the aortic ring and the right atrioventricular ring

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23
Q

What structure is found at the centre of the fibrous skeleton?

A

AV bundle

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24
Q

What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?

A

To provide an attachment point for muscles and valves of the heart
Electrical isolation between atria and ventricles

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25
What artery supplies the SA and AV node?
RCA
26
What does the RCA supply?
RV, LV SA and AV node
27
What does the RMA supply?
RV
28
What does the PDA supply?
Interventricular septum | Portions of both RV and LV
29
What does the LCA supply?
LA, LV and parts of interventricular septum
30
What does the LAD supply?
LV
31
What does the LCxA supply?
majority of LA and some of LV
32
What does the LMA supply?
LV
33
What is coronary artery dominance?
defined as which vessel gives rise to the PDA 85% RCA 10% LCA 5% co-dominance
34
In 25% of people, what two coronary arteries anastomose?
LCxA and PDA
35
What are the 5 main cardiac veins?
Small, middle, posterior, great and anterior
36
What is the only cardiac vein not to drain into the coronary sinus?
Anterior cardiac vein
37
What chamber does the great cardiac vein drain?
Anterior portion of LV
38
What chamber does the middle cardiac vein drain?
RV
39
What chamber does the posterior cardiac vein drain?
LV
40
Where is the sino atrial node located?
Upper part of the posterior wall of the right atrium, close to where SVC enters
41
What is the function of the connective tissue and paranodal cells that surround the SA node?
Isolating nodal signal from the rest of the atrium
42
What is the name of the bundle that conducts the action potential to the left atrium?
Bachmans bundle
43
Where is the AV node located?
Atrioventricular septum
44
What is the function of the AV node?
To delay impulses by 120ms in order to let the ventricles fully fill
45
Where is the AV bundle/bundle of His found?
An inferior continuation of the AV node | Found in the inter-ventricular septum
46
The AV bundle bifurcates into which two structures?
Right and left bundle branches
47
Where does the right bundle branch supply?
Right ventricle at base of anterior papillary muscle
48
Where does the left bundle branch supply?
Left ventricle
49
What is the structure/function of the moderator band?
Bridged trabeculae carnae that transmits impulses from the right bundle branch to the cardiac muscle of the right ventricle
50
Where are the purkinje fibres found?
Subendocardial layer
51
The left bundle branch divides further into two fasicles. What are these called?
Left anterior and posterior bundle fasicles
52
In relation to the aortic arch, what are the two regions of the cardiac plexus?
Superifcial --> infront of aortic arch, behind pulmonary trunk Deep --> between aortic arch and tracheal bifurcation
53
What nerves make up the cardiac plexus?
Cardiac branches of left and right vagus nerves | Sympathetic fibres from sympathetic trunk levels T1-4
54
What nerve provides parasympathetic stimulation to the SA node?
Right vagus
55
What nerve provides parasympathetic stimulation to the AV node?
Left vagus
56
How does parasympathetic stimulation effect the heart?
Negative chronotropy Negative ionotropy Constricts coronary arteries
57
How does sympathetic stimulation effect the heart?
Positive chronotropy Positive ionotropy Dilates coronary arteries
58
What is a chronotropic effect?
Change of heart rate
59
What is an ionotropic effect?
Change in the force of contraction
60
The RA is supplied by...
RCA
61
The majority of the LA is supplied by....
LCA
62
The RV is supplied by...
RCA
63
The majority of the LV is supplied by...
LCA
64
SA and AV nodes are supplied by...
RCA
65
The majority of the interventricular septum is supplied by....
LCA
66
The interatrial septum is supplied by....
RCA
67
A small portion of the interventricular septum is supplied by....
RCA
68
A small portion of LA is supplied by...
RCA
69
A portion of posterior LV is supplied by...
RCA
70
The AV bundle and bundle branches are supplied by...
LCA

SEM2 ANATOMY (8 decks)

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