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SEM2 ANATOMY > Anatomy of the heart > Flashcards

Anatomy of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

What is the innervation of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerve C3-C5

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2
Q

What are the four layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal serous pericardium
Serous fluid
Visceral serous pericardium

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3
Q

Another name for the visceral serous pericardium is what?

A

Epicardium

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4
Q

What structures does the transverse pericardial sinus separate?

A

Aorta and pulmonary trunk (outflow) from venous inflow vessels

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5
Q

Where is the oblique pericardial sinus found?

A

Posterior to left atrium

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6
Q

In what part of the heart wall are the vessels and nerves of the cardiac conducting system found?

A

Subendocardial layer

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7
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

A ridge running from the opening of SVC to opening of IVC

Divides atrium in to vena cava sinus and atrium proper

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8
Q

What is the main structural difference between the sinus of vena cavae and atrium proper?

A

Sinus of vena cavae has smooth muscle walls, whereas atrium proper has rough muscular walls formed by pectinate muscles

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9
Q

What ventricular structure is homologous with the atrial pectinate muscles?

A

Trabeculae carnae

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10
Q

What structure separates the inflow and outflow portions of the right ventricle?

A

supraventricular crest

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11
Q

What are the three types of trabeculae carnae muscle? How are they identified structurally?

A

Ridges –> attached along entire length of ventricle
Bridges –> attached only at both ends
Pillars –> Base anchored to ventricular wall, apices attach to chordae tendinae to make up valve structures

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12
Q

The moderator band has important functions in cardiac conduction. What is its structure?

A

Trabeculae carnae bridge

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13
Q

How is the inflow portion of the RV disinguished structurally from the outflow portion?

A

Inflow has rough trabeculae carnae structures in its walls, outflow portion has smooth walls

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14
Q

What is the conus arteriosus?

A

Outflow portion of RV

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15
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Pillar shaped trabeculae carnae that are structural components of the tricuspid valves

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16
Q

How is the inflow portion of the LA distinguished structurally from the outflow portion?

A

Inflow portion has smooth surface (dervied from pulmonary endothelium)
Outlfow portion lined with pectinate muscles

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17
Q

What is different about the development of the inflow and outflow portions of each of the heart chambers?

A

Each inflow and outflow portion is embryologically distinct

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18
Q

How can RV be distinguished from LV in terms of structure?

A

Trabeculae carnae are thinner and more delicate in LV

LV has a thicker myocardium

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19
Q

What is the cardiac skeleton?

A

A ring of dense fibrous connective tissue in a plane between atria and ventricles

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20
Q

What are the four rings of the cardiac skeleton?

A

2 x rings around each atrioventricular oriface
Fibrous ring of pulmonary oriface
Fibrous ring of aortic oriface

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21
Q

What is the left fibrous trigone?

A

Thickened area of connective tissue that separates the aortic ring and left atrioventricular ring

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22
Q

What is the right fibrous trigone?

A

Thickened area of dense connective tissue separating the aortic ring and the right atrioventricular ring

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23
Q

What structure is found at the centre of the fibrous skeleton?

A

AV bundle

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24
Q

What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?

A

To provide an attachment point for muscles and valves of the heart
Electrical isolation between atria and ventricles

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25
Q

What artery supplies the SA and AV node?

A

RCA

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26
Q

What does the RCA supply?

A

RV, LV SA and AV node

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27
Q

What does the RMA supply?

A

RV

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28
Q

What does the PDA supply?

A

Interventricular septum

Portions of both RV and LV

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29
Q

What does the LCA supply?

A

LA, LV and parts of interventricular septum

30
Q

What does the LAD supply?

A

LV

31
Q

What does the LCxA supply?

A

majority of LA and some of LV

32
Q

What does the LMA supply?

A

LV

33
Q

What is coronary artery dominance?

A

defined as which vessel gives rise to the PDA
85% RCA
10% LCA
5% co-dominance

34
Q

In 25% of people, what two coronary arteries anastomose?

A

LCxA and PDA

35
Q

What are the 5 main cardiac veins?

A

Small, middle, posterior, great and anterior

36
Q

What is the only cardiac vein not to drain into the coronary sinus?

A

Anterior cardiac vein

37
Q

What chamber does the great cardiac vein drain?

A

Anterior portion of LV

38
Q

What chamber does the middle cardiac vein drain?

A

RV

39
Q

What chamber does the posterior cardiac vein drain?

A

LV

40
Q

Where is the sino atrial node located?

A

Upper part of the posterior wall of the right atrium, close to where SVC enters

41
Q

What is the function of the connective tissue and paranodal cells that surround the SA node?

A

Isolating nodal signal from the rest of the atrium

42
Q

What is the name of the bundle that conducts the action potential to the left atrium?

A

Bachmans bundle

43
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Atrioventricular septum

44
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

To delay impulses by 120ms in order to let the ventricles fully fill

45
Q

Where is the AV bundle/bundle of His found?

A

An inferior continuation of the AV node

Found in the inter-ventricular septum

46
Q

The AV bundle bifurcates into which two structures?

A

Right and left bundle branches

47
Q

Where does the right bundle branch supply?

A

Right ventricle at base of anterior papillary muscle

48
Q

Where does the left bundle branch supply?

A

Left ventricle

49
Q

What is the structure/function of the moderator band?

A

Bridged trabeculae carnae that transmits impulses from the right bundle branch to the cardiac muscle of the right ventricle

50
Q

Where are the purkinje fibres found?

A

Subendocardial layer

51
Q

The left bundle branch divides further into two fasicles. What are these called?

A

Left anterior and posterior bundle fasicles

52
Q

In relation to the aortic arch, what are the two regions of the cardiac plexus?

A

Superifcial –> infront of aortic arch, behind pulmonary trunk
Deep –> between aortic arch and tracheal bifurcation

53
Q

What nerves make up the cardiac plexus?

A

Cardiac branches of left and right vagus nerves

Sympathetic fibres from sympathetic trunk levels T1-4

54
Q

What nerve provides parasympathetic stimulation to the SA node?

A

Right vagus

55
Q

What nerve provides parasympathetic stimulation to the AV node?

A

Left vagus

56
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation effect the heart?

A

Negative chronotropy
Negative ionotropy
Constricts coronary arteries

57
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation effect the heart?

A

Positive chronotropy
Positive ionotropy
Dilates coronary arteries

58
Q

What is a chronotropic effect?

A

Change of heart rate

59
Q

What is an ionotropic effect?

A

Change in the force of contraction

60
Q

The RA is supplied by…

A

RCA

61
Q

The majority of the LA is supplied by….

A

LCA

62
Q

The RV is supplied by…

A

RCA

63
Q

The majority of the LV is supplied by…

A

LCA

64
Q

SA and AV nodes are supplied by…

A

RCA

65
Q

The majority of the interventricular septum is supplied by….

A

LCA

66
Q

The interatrial septum is supplied by….

A

RCA

67
Q

A small portion of the interventricular septum is supplied by….

A

RCA

68
Q

A small portion of LA is supplied by…

A

RCA

69
Q

A portion of posterior LV is supplied by…

A

RCA

70
Q

The AV bundle and bundle branches are supplied by…

A

LCA

SEM2 ANATOMY (8 decks)

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