anatomy of the head and face

Question 1

what bilateral synergists are involved in head flexion?

Answer 1

sternocleidomastoid
anterior scalene
longus capitis
longus colli

Question 2

what synergists are involved in the head extension?

Answer 2

trapezius ( upper fibres, bilaterally)
levator scapula (bilaterally
splenius capitis (bilaterally)
splenius cervicis (bilaterally)
rectus capitis posterior major
rectus capitis superior minor
oblique capitis superior
semispinalis capitis
longissimus capitis (assists)
longissimus cervicis (assists)
iliocostalis cervicis (assists)
multifidi (bilaterally)
rotatores (bilaterally)
intransversarii (bilaterally)
interspinalis

Question 3

what ipsilateral synergists are involved in the head rotation?

Answer 3

levator scapula
splenius capitis
splenius cervicis
rectus capitis posterior major
oblique capitis inferior
longus colli
longus capitis
longissimus capitis (assists)
longissimus cervicis (assists)
illiocostalis (assists)

Question 4

what contralateral synergists are involved in the head rotation?

Answer 4

trapezius (upper fibres)
sternocleidomastoid
anterior scalene
middle scalene
posterior scalene
multifidi
rotatores

Question 5

what synergists are involved in the head lateral flexion?

Answer 5

trapezius (upper fibres, unilaterally)
levator scapula
sternocleidomastoid
anterior scalene (with ribs fixed)
middle scalene (with ribs fixed)
posterior scalene (with ribs fixed)
splenius capitis
splenius cervicis
longus capitis
longus colli
longissimus capitis (assists)
longissimus cervicis (assists)
iliocostalis cervicis (assists)
oblique capitis superior
intransversarii (bilaterally)

Question 6

what synergists are involved in mandible elevation?

Answer 6

masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid

Question 7

what synergists are involved in mandible Depression?

Answer 7

Geniohyoid
Mylohyoid
Stylohyoid
Digastric (with hyoid bone fixed)
Platysma (assists)

Question 8

what synergists are involved in mandible Protraction?

Answer 8

Lateral pterygoid
medial pterygoid
masseter

Question 9

what synergists are involved in mandible Retraction?

Answer 9

temporalis
digastric

Question 10

Sterncleidomastoid
Actions:
unilaterally
bilaterally
Origins:
Insertion:
Innervation:

Answer 10

A:
Unilaterally- laterally flex the head and neck to the same side and rotate the head and neck to the opposite side.
bilaterally- Flex the neck and assist to elevate the ribcage during inhalation
O:
Sternal head from the top of manubrium
Clavicular head from medial one-third of the clavicle
I: the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the lateral portion of the superior nuchal line of the occiput
I: spinal accessory (CN XI), C2, C3

Question 11

Anterior Scalenes
Actions:
unilaterally
bilaterally
Origins:
Insertion:
Innervation:

Answer 11

A:
Unilaterally- (with ribs fixed) laterally flex the head and neck to the same side and rotate the head and neck to the opposite side.
bilaterally- Flex the neck and elevate the ribcage during inhalation
O: transverse processes of third through sixth cervical vertebrae (anterior tubercles)
I: first rib
N: C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8

Question 12

Middle Scalenes
Actions:
unilaterally
bilaterally
Origins:
Insertion:
Innervation:

Answer 12

A:
Unilaterally- (with ribs fixed) laterally flex the head and neck to the same side and rotate the head and neck to the opposite side.
bilaterally- elevate the ribcage during inhalation
O: transverse processes of second through seventh cervical vertebrae (posterior tubercles)
I: first rib
N: C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8

Question 13

Posterior Scalenes
Actions:
unilaterally
bilaterally
Origins:
Insertion:
Innervation:

Answer 13

A:
Unilaterally- (with ribs fixed) laterally flex the head and neck to the same side and rotate the head and neck to the opposite side.
bilaterally- elevate the ribcage during inhalation
O: transverse processes of sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae (posterior tubercles)
I: second rib
N: C3,C4,C5,C6,C7,C8