Anatomy of the gut tube

Question 1

when does the primordial gut tube develop

Answer 1

4th week of human development

Question 2

what is the primordial gut tube developed from

Answer 2

endoderm lining of the yolk sac

Question 3

what are the foregut structures of the primordial gut tube

Answer 3

Primordial pharynx and its derivatives

Lower respiratory system

Esophagus and stomach

Duodenum – Proximal to the opening of bile duct

Liver, biliary apparatus (hepatic ducts, gall bladder, and bile duct), and pancreas

Artery of the foregut – Celiac trunk

Question 4

what is the artery of the foregut

Answer 4

celiac trunk

Question 5

what is the esophagus

Answer 5

Muscular tube (25cm) normally has 3 constrictions

Question 6

where is the cervical constriction of the esophagous

Answer 6

15cm from incisor teeth (IT)

Question 7

what is the cervical constriction of the esophagous also known as

Answer 7

(pharyngo- esophageal)

Question 8

where is the thoracic constriction of the esophagous

Answer 8

crossed by arch of aorta (22.5 from IT) and left main bronchus 27.5cm from IT)

Question 9

what is the thoracic constriction also known as

Answer 9

(broncho – aortic)

Question 10

where is the diaphragmatic constriction

Answer 10

Where it passes through the oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm- 40 cm from IT

Question 11

what are the different parts of the stomach

Answer 11

Cardia, fundus, body and pyloric part

Question 12

what are the two curvatures of the stomach known as

Answer 12

lesser and greater

Question 13

Pyloric Sphincter

Answer 13

Control discharge of stomach contents into the duodenum

Question 14

Stomach Bed

Answer 14

Diaphragm, spleen,left kidney,adrenal gland, splenic artery, pancreas, transverse mesocolon and colon

Question 15

biliary ducts role

Answer 15

carry bile from the liver to gallbladder

Question 16

where is bile produced

Answer 16

liver

Question 17

where is bile stored and concentrated

Answer 17

gall bladder

Question 18

how much bile can the liver store

Answer 18

up to 50ml

Question 19

what is the artery of the gall bladder

Answer 19

Cystic artery

Question 20

where does the cystic artery lie

Answer 20

Triangle of calot

Question 21

what is the pancreas

Answer 21

Accessory digestive gland

Question 22

exocrine roles of the pancreas

Answer 22

pancreatic juice

Question 23

endocrine roles of the pancreas

Answer 23

Insulin and glucagon

Question 24

is the pancreas retroperitoneal or peritoneal

Answer 24

Retroperitoneal

Question 25

where does the pancreas lie

Answer 25

Lies along the transpyloric plane(L1/L2)

Question 26

what are the different parts of the pancreas

Answer 26

Head, neck, body and tail

Question 27

where is the portal vein formed

Answer 27

behind the neck of the pancreas

Question 28

what is the blood supply of the foregut

Answer 28

Celiac trunk

Question 29

where is the origin of the celiac trunk

Answer 29

Abdominal aorta (T12)

Question 30

what are the main branches of the celiac trunk

Answer 30

left gastric artery hepatic artery splenic artery

Question 31

left gastric artery

Answer 31

runs along the lesser curvature of the stomach

Question 32

hepatic artery

Answer 32

supply liver and gallbladder

Question 33

splenic artery

Answer 33

Runs retroperitoneally along the superior (upper) margin of the pancreas

Question 34

what are the structures of the midgut

Answer 34

Small intestine including most of duodenum The cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and the right half to two-thirds of the transverse colon

Question 35

what is the duodenum

Answer 35

Shortest, widest and most fixed part of the small intestine

Question 36

what does the second part of the duodenum recieve

Answer 36

bile duct and pancreatic duct

Question 37

duodenal ulcer

Answer 37

inflammatory erosions of the duodenal wall (mostly 1st part)

Question 38

jejunum colour wall vascularity vasa recta arcades lymphoid nodules fat in mesentery

Answer 38

deep red thick and heavy greater long a few large loops few less

Question 39

ileum colour wall vascularity vasa recta arcades lymphoid nodules fat in mesentery

Answer 39

pale pink thin and light less short many short loops many more

Question 40

mid gut blood supply

Answer 40

superior mesenteric artery

Question 41

origin of superior mesenteric artery

Answer 41

Branch of abdominal aorta (L1)

Question 42

Relations of superior mesenteric artery

Answer 42

Crossed anteriorly by Splenic vein and neck of pancreas

Question 42

main branches of superior mesenteric artery

Answer 42

Jejunal and ileal arteries

Question 43

other branches of superior mesenteric artery

Answer 43

Middle colic, right colic and iliocoloic

Question 44

hindgut structures

Answer 44

Left one-third of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper part of anal canal Epithelium of the urinary bladder and most of the urethra Inferior Mesenteric artery – Artery of hindgut

Question 45

how can the large intestine be distinguished from the small intestine

Answer 45

Omental appedices – small, fatty, peritoneal like projections Haustra or sacculations Teniae coli – Thickened bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal layer)

Question 46

Omental appedices

Answer 46

small, fatty, peritoneal like projections

Question 47

Teniae coli

Answer 47

Thickened bands of smooth muscle (longitudinal layer)

Question 48

what is the appendix

Answer 48

Blind intestinal diverticulum with masses of lymphatic tissue

Question 49

what is the position of the appendix

Answer 49

Variable position Retrocecal is the common position

Question 50

Macburney’s point

Answer 50

Site of maximum tenderness in acute appendicities

Question 51

hindgut blood supply

Answer 51

inferior mesenteric artery

Question 52

inferior mesenteric artery origin

Answer 52

Anterior branch of abdominal aorta (L3)

Question 53

branches of inferior mesenteric artery

Answer 53

Left colic, sigmoid arteries and superior rectal artery

Question 54

superior rectal artery

Answer 54

terminal branch of inferior mesenteric artery

Question 55

parasympathetic innervation of abdominal organs

Answer 55

Vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,S3 & S4)

Question 56

sympathetic innervation of abdominal organs

Answer 56

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater – T5-T9, lesser-T10-T11 and least –T12) Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia Abdominal aortic plexus

Question 57

what is responsible for venous drainage of the abdominal part of the GI tract

Answer 57

portal vein

Question 58

portal vein role

Answer 58

Transport venous blood from the spleen, pancreas, gall bladder and abdominal part of the GI tract

Question 59

how is the portal vein formed

Answer 59

By the union of splenic vein with the superior mesenteric vein

Question 60

where is the location of the formation of the portal vein

Answer 60

Behind the neck of pancreas (L 2 vertebral level)

Question 61

sites of portocaval shunts

Answer 61

Anorectal junction Gastroesophageal junction At the umbilicus

Question 62

Venous enlargements (Varices) during portal obstruction

Answer 62

Haemorrhoids Esophageal varices Caput medusae

Question 63

Lymphatic drainage of GI Tract / abdomen

Answer 63

Thoracic duct receives most of the lymph from abdominal wall and abdominal organs

Question 64

lymphatic vessels and ducts

Answer 64

Lymphatic vessels run with their corresponding arteries Lymphatic nodes form groups around the major arteries and abdominal aorta

Question 65

what are the 3 terminal groups of lumbar nodes

Answer 65

pre-aortic lateral aortic retroaortic

Question 66

pre-aortic

Answer 66

(coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric nodes) – Drains organs supplied by the anterior branches of aorta

Question 67

lateral aortic

Answer 67

Drains organs supplied by lateral aortic branches

Question 68

retro aortic

Answer 68

drains the posterior abdominal wall