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GI System > Anatomy of the Gut > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Gut Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gut tube (from innermost to outermost)?

A
  1. Mucosa (innermost)
  2. Submucosa
  3. External muscle layers
  4. Serosa (outermost)
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2
Q

What are the layers of the muscosa? (innermost → outermost)

A
  1. Epithelium (innermost)
  2. Lamina Propria
  3. Muscularis Mucosa
  4. Submucosa
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3
Q

What is the function of the epithelial layer of the mucosa?

A
  • selectively permeable barrier
  • transport and digestion of food
  • promotes absorption
  • produces hormones
  • produces mucus
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4
Q

What is the function of the Lamina Propria of the mucosa?

A
  • lymphoid nodules and macrophages
  • produces antibodies - mainly IgA
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5
Q

What is the function of the Muscularis mucosae of the mucosa?

A
  • smooth muscle in different directions
  • keeps epithelium in contact with gut contents
  • keep crypt contents dynamic
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6
Q

What is the function of the submucosa of the mucosa?

A
  • dense connective tissue, blood vessels, glands and lymphoid tissue
  • contains Meissner’s (submucosal Plexus)
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7
Q

Explain the change in gut epithelial cells along the legnth of the digestive tract

A

Oesophagus → Stratified Squamous cells

In between → Simple Columnar

Distal Anus → Stratified Squamous

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8
Q

What are enterocytes?

A
  • Simple columanar epithelial cell that line villi
  • 1 cell thick
  • up to 3,000 microvilli per enterocyte
  • contains digestive enzymes
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9
Q

What are goblet cells and how are they distributed throughout the gut?

A
  • Mucus producing cells scattered between enterocytes
  • Increase in number from duodenum to colon
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10
Q

Why is mucus essential for gut epithelia?

A

Protect epithelia from

  • Friction (acts as a lubricant)
  • Chemical damage (acidic environment)
  • Bacterial inflammation
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11
Q

What are foveolar cells?

A

Gastric muscous cells, dominant in the stomach

  • line gastric mucosa/ pits
  • secrete mucus and HCO3 to protect stomach from acidic contents
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12
Q

What are rugae and why are they needed?

A

Temporary stomach folds, allow distention of the stomach

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13
Q

Where in the GI are Villi found?

A

small intestine

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14
Q

Where are crypts found within the GI?

A

Small and large intestine

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15
Q

What cells are found in crypts and why?

A
  • Stem cells → replace gut epithelia every 2-3 days
  • Paneth cells → maintain stem cells by secreting anitbacterial proteins
  • Enteroendocrine cells → produce gut hormone
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16
Q

Describe the layers of the abdominal wall

A
17
Q

Describe the arrangement of the anterolateral muscles of the abdminal wall

A
  • External oblique - hands in pockets direction of fibres
  • Internal oblique- perpendicular to external fibres
  • Transverse abdominis- horizontal plane
18
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

An aponeurosis of lateral abdominal muscles that surrounds the rectus abdominis

19
Q

What is the arcuate line and what is its significance?

A

Located half way between umbilicus and pubic crest

  • Above line- all aponeurosis equally distributed around rectus abdominis
  • Below line-all aponeurosis run anterior to rectus abdominis
20
Q

Briefly explain the peritoneal cavity

A
  • a mesothelium lines cavity of flattened squamous epithelium
  • produces lubricating fluid
  • envelopes certain viscera and lines the cavity wall
  • No organs are in the peritoneal cavity
21
Q

Differentiate between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal viscera

A
  • Intraperitoneal → viscera surrounded by peritoneal cavity
  • Retroperitoneal → viscera in abdominal wall but behind ther peritoneal cavity
22
Q

What are mesentries?

A
  • Double folds of peritoneum that attach viscera to posterior abdominal wall
  • Contain
    • blood vessels
    • lymph vessles
    • nerves
    • fat
23
Q

What is the difference betwene parietal and visceral peritoneum?

A
  • Parietal = in contact with abdominal wall
  • Visceral= off the abdominal wall and surrounding intraperitoneal viscera

GI System (15 decks)

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