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GI System > Anatomy of salivation and swallowing > Flashcards

Anatomy of salivation and swallowing Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the compostion of saliva

A
  • Mainly water
  • Generally hypotonic
  • Rich in K+ and Bicarbonate
  • pH slightly alkaline
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2
Q

Why does saliva need to be slightly alkaline?

A

Teeth are made from calcium salts → would dissolve if it were acidic

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3
Q

What is the function of mucins in saliva?

A

Helps with lubrication

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4
Q

What are the 7 main functions of saliva?

A
  1. Speech
  2. Hydrate food → form food bolus
  3. Maintain teeth health
  4. Defence against pathogenic food
  5. Solvent → releases flavour from food
  6. Begins Digestion
  7. Infection transmission
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5
Q

What is Xerostomia?

A

Dry Mouth

Caused by not enough saliva

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6
Q

What things may cause xerostomia?

A
  • Side effect of drugs → mainly SSRI’s
  • Mouth breathing
  • Salivary gland surgery
  • Radiotherapy
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7
Q

What are some of the consequences of xerostomia?

A
  • Bacterial overgrowth
  • Bad Breath
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8
Q

What are the 3 main pairs of salivary glands and where are they located?

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual
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9
Q

Which nerves innervate the salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid → Glossopharangeal (CNIX)
  2. Submandibular → Facial Nerve (CNVII)
  3. Sublingual → Facial Nerve (CNVII)
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10
Q

How is salivary gland secretion regulated?

A
  • Autonomic NS not hormonal
  • Parasympathetic increased saliva production
  • Sympathetic stimulates small amounts of saliva but also causes vasoconstriction → dry mouth
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11
Q

What is the underlying pathology of mumps?

A

Viral infection causing swelling of the parotid gland

Parotid gland surrounded by capsule → no room for swelling makes it very painful

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12
Q

What is parotid sialography?

A

CT scan of parotid gland using contrast

Identifies areas of blockage

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13
Q

What are the 3 steps involved in swallowing?

A
  1. Oral Preparatory Phase
  2. Pharyngeal Phase
  3. Oesophageal Phase
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14
Q

Describe the Oral Preparatory Phase of Swallowing

A
  1. Oral Preparatory Phase
  • voluntary
  • pushes bolus of food back towards pharynx
  • Bolus touching pharyngeal wall triggers pharyngeal phase
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15
Q

Describe the Pharyngeal Phase of Swallowing

A
  1. Pharyngeal Phase v.short
  • Involuntary
  • Soft palate moves up and seals nasopharynx
  • Pharyngeal contrictors push bolus downwards sequentially
  • Larynx elevates to close epiglottis
  • Vocal cords adduct → breathing temporarily stops
  • Upper Oesophageal Sphincter Opens
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16
Q

Describe the Oesophageal phase of Swallowing

A
  1. Oesophageal Phase
  • Involuntary
  • Upper Oesophageal Sphincter closes
  • Peristaltic wave pushes bolus down
17
Q

Why can babies swallow and breathe at the same time?

A
  • short neck means epiglottis sits higher
  • epiglottis overlaps the soft palate protecting the airway
  • drinking milk goes around the epiglottis
18
Q

Explain the neural control of the gag reflex

A
  • Mechanoreceptors in pharyngeal wall detect presence of bolus
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve sensory to pharynx sends signal to medulla
  • Motor nerve to pharynx = Vagus nerve
  • Causes pharyngeal constrictions
19
Q

How does stroke cause dysphagia?

A

Stroke affects muscles of facial expression and pharyngeal nerves

Uncoordinated response when swallowing

20
Q

Why would an oesophageal tumour cause dysphagia?

A

Physical blockage down oesophagus

Eating solid food is diffucult to go around the tumour

Liquids will be ok

21
Q

There are 4 narrowings of the oesphagus, where are they?

A
  1. Narrowing at junction between pharynx and oesophagus
  2. Where oesophagus crosses arch of aorta
  3. Where oesophagus compressed by left main bronchus (at a more acute angle than right)
  4. Oesophageal hiatus (entering diaphragm)
22
Q

How does the muscular compostion of the oesphagus change along its legnth?

A

Skeletal muscle at top → transitions to smooth muscle towards bottom

23
Q

How is Gastro-Oesophageal reflux prevented?

A
  • The diaphragm forms a functional sphincter where the oesophagus enters the stomach
  • Acute angle of entry means an ingrease in intra-andominal pressue closes flap valve

GI System (15 decks)

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