Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year1-Mubarak-Abdomen Anatomy > Anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall and hernias > Flashcards

Anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall and hernias Flashcards

1
Q

Rectus abdominus

  • Separated by the linea alba
  • Intersected three of four times by tendinous intersections (just some fibrous tissue) which are easily visible if you have “abs”
A

Rectus abdominus

  • Separated by the …………. …………..
  • Intersected three of four times by ……………….. ……………… (just some fibrous tissue) which are easily visible if you have “abs”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the innervation of the external oblique?

A

Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • Muscles fibres move inferomedially
  • At the midline, the large aponeuroses combine to form the linea alba which extends form the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis
A
  • Muscles fibres move ……………….
  • At the midline, the large ………………. combine to form the linea alba which extends form the …………….. ………………. to the …………….. ……………….
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does the hindgut start and end?

A
  • The hindgut two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon
  • Ends mid-way through the anal canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the innervation of the internal oblique muscles?

A

Anterior rami of lower size thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12) and L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the innervation of the pyramidalis?

A

Anterior ramus of T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inguinal Canal

A
  • Cylindrical passage
  • Extends downwards and medially (oblique passageway)
  • Just above and parallel to the inguinal ligament
  • Begins at the deep inguinal ring
  • Continues for roughly 4cm
  • Ends at the superficial inguinal ring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a direct hernia?

What is the direct hernia laterally, medially and inferiorly bounded by?

A
  • A direct hernia goes through Hesselbach’s triangle, which is bounded:
  • Laterally by the inferior epigastric artery
  • Medially by the rectus abdominis muscle
  • Inferiorly by the inguinal ligament
  • It is a peritoneal sac which enters the inguinal canal directly through a weakened posterior wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does the foregut start and end?

A
  • The foregut starts at the point the oesophagus pierces the diaphragm
  • Ends just after the major duodenal papilla (second part of the duodenum)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rectus sheath

  • The rectus sheath is a tendinous region formed by the aponeuroses of the three lateral muscles
  • In the upper ¾ of this sheath, the rectus abdominis muscles are completely surrounded by aponeuroses
  • The entire aponeurosis of the external oblique joins with half of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique to form the anterior wall of the sheath
  • The other half of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique joins with the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis to form the posterior wall:
A

Rectus sheath

  • The rectus sheath is a ………….. region formed by the ……………….. of the …………. lateral muscles
  • In the upper ¾ of this sheath, the rectus abdominis muscles are completely surrounded by ………………….
  • The entire aponeurosis of the external oblique joins with half of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique to form the …………….. wall of the sheath
  • The other half of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique joins with the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis to form the …………. wall:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What region can reffered pain from the midgut be felt?

A

Umbilical region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • At a point midway between the ………………. and ………….. ……………. (bottom ¼ of the rectus sheath), all of the aponeurosis randomly move to the front only
  • Therefore all aponeuroses are ……………. to the rectus abdominis
  • What is directly behind the transverses abdominis?
  • Well the transversalis fascia
  • The rectus abdominis muscle is in direct contact with the transversalis fascia. The point of transition is called the ………….. line.
A

At a point midway between the umbilicus and pubic symphysis (bottom ¼ of the rectus sheath), all of the aponeurosis randomly move to the front only

  • Therefore all aponeuroses are anterior to the rectus abdominis
  • What is directly behind the transverses abdominis?
  • Well the transversalis fascia
  • The rectus abdominis muscle is in direct contact with the transversalis fascia. The point of transition is called the arcuate line.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What region is reffered pain from the foregut be felt?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Define linea semilunaris?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the innervation of the diaphragm?

A

The diaphragm is innervated by the phrenic nerve which is formed from cervical nerves C3, 4 and 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inguinal canal III

  • The deep inguinal ring is a hole in the ………………. …………… and is ….. cm the midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis (this is the mid-inguinal point)
  • At the deep inguinal ring, part of the transversalis fascia can form part of the spermatic cord/round ligament of the uterus
  • The superficial inguinal ring is the end of the inguinal canal and is ………….. to the pubic tubercle.
  • It is a triangular opening in the ……………. of the external oblique (diagram)
A

Inguinal canal III

  • The deep inguinal ring is a hole in the transversalis fascia and is 1.5 cm the midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis (this is the mid-inguinal point)
  • At the deep inguinal ring, part of the transversalis fascia can form part of the spermatic cord/round ligament of the uterus
  • The superficial inguinal ring is the end of the inguinal canal and is superior to the pubic tubercle.
  • It is a triangular opening in the aponeurosis of the external oblique (diagram)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • The lower border of the ………………… of the ……………… ………………. forms the inguinal ligament
  • The inguinal ligament runs from the………….. to the ……………… ……………….
A
  • The lower border of the aponeurosis of the external oblique forms the inguinal ligament
  • The inguinal ligament runs from the ASIS to the pubic tuberclea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Are femoral hernias more common in Males or Females?

A

Females

32
Q
A
33
Q
A
34
Q
A
35
Q

What is an Femoral hernia?

A

Femoral hernias occur just below the inguinal ligament, when abdominal contents pass through a naturally occurring weakness in the abdominal wall called the femoral canal.

Watch the video:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femoral_canal

36
Q

Function
LO8: Explain the roles of the abdominal wall muscles in breathing

A
  • The abdominal wall relaxes during inspiration to accommodate the expansion of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm contracts which pushes the abdominal viscera downwards.
  • During expiration the abdominal wall contracts to assist in elevating the diaphragm and reduce thoracic volume.
37
Q

Name 4 things inside the inguinal canala

  • The testis and ……………. ………….. descend from the abdomen into the scrotum via the developing inguinal canal
  • In females the ………………. …………….descends through the developing inguinal canal
A

•Contents of the inguinal canal include:

•Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

•The ilio-inguinal nerve

•Spermatic cord in men

•Round ligament of the uterus in women

  • So two nerves and a sex thing
  • The testis and spermatic cord descend from the abdomen into the scrotum via the developing inguinal canal
  • In females the round ligament descends through the developing inguinal canal
38
Q

Where is the insertion of the internal oblique muscles?

4 of them

A
39
Q
A
40
Q
  • The abdominal wall starts at the ………… …………. and …………… …………. superiorly
  • Ends at the upper parts of the ……….. bones inferiorly
  • Posteriorly is contained by the ……………… ………………
  • You should know the order of layers as it constitutes part of LO3
A
  • The abdominal wall starts at the costal margin and xiphoid process superiorly
  • Ends at the upper parts of the pelvic bones inferiorly
  • Posteriorly is contained by the vertebral column
  • You should know the order of layers as it constitutes part of LO3
41
Q
A
42
Q

What is the innervation of the rectus abdominus?

A

Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12)

(NO L1)

43
Q

Where can referred pain from the hindgut be felt?

A
44
Q

Relative positions of the different hernias

A
45
Q
A
46
Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eF2i8wxyINE

A
47
Q

Function II
LO8: Explain the roles of the abdominal wall muscles in controlling of intraabdominal pressure

A
  • The contracting abdomen can also increase intra-abdominal pressure
  • This is partly achieved by the closure of valves in the larynx in the neck
  • Stops air from exiting the lungs
  • Net effect is dramatically increased intraabdominal pressure which assists in defecation, voiding of the bladder and in giving birth.
48
Q
  • The abdomen can also be divided into ………. regions
  • Usually this is done in order to localise pain
  • The vertical lines are the two ………. ……………….. planes
  • The horizontal lines are the ………. plane and the……………….. plane
  • Three important regions are formed, namely the ……………….., ……………….. and ………. regions
  • Pain can be referred from the foregut, the midgut or the hindgut to the epigastric, umbilical or pubic regions respectively
A
  • The abdomen can also be divided into nine regions
  • Usually this is done in order to localise pain
  • The vertical lines are the two mid clavicular planes
  • The horizontal lines are the subcostal plane and the intertubercular plane
  • Three important regions are formed, namely the epigastric, umbilical and pubic regions
  • Pain can be referred from the foregut, the midgut or the hindgut to the epigastric, umbilical or pubic regions respectively
49
Q

What is an indirect hernia?

Is it more common in men or women?

A
  • An indirect hernia is more common, particularly in men
  • It occurs when part of the processus vaginalis remains open
  • The processus vaginalis is just an embryonic outpouching
  • It is therefore referred to as being congenital
  • The hernia sac enters the inguinal canal through the deep inguinal ligament
  • This is just lateral to the inferior epigastric artery

•

50
Q

What is located on the anterior, posterior, roof and floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Anterior wall

External oblique aponeurosis (whole length)

Internal oblique muscle reinforces the lateral 3rd of the canal

Floor

Rolled inferior edge (gutter like) of the external oblique aponeurosis - this is the inguinal ligament (stretches between ASIS and pubic tubercle)

Roof

Arching fibres of the internal oblique muscle and transverse abdominis muscle (whole length)

Medially conjoint tendon*

Posterior wall

Transversalis fascia

Medially conjoint tendon

* Conjoint tendon = lowest fibres of the internal oblique aponeurosis and similar fibres of the transversus abdominis aponeurosis join to form the conjoint tendon. Conjoint tendon is attached medially to linea alba.

51
Q

Where does the midgut start and end?

A
  • The midgut begins just inferior to the major duodenal papilla
  • Ends two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon
52
Q
A
53
Q

What are the origins and insertions of the external oblique muscles?

A
54
Q
A
55
Q
A
56
Q
A
57
Q

Innervation
LO7: Define the sources and distribution of the motor and sensory nerves to the abdominal wall and diaphragm

A
  • The skin, muscles and parietal peritoneum are supplied by T7 to T12 and L1 spinal nerves
  • Remember the visceral peritoneum does not have somatic sensory innervation, which is why pain localisation is more difficult
  • The “source” is the anterior rami of these spinal nerves. The anterior rami pass around the body, giving off lateral cutaneous branches (on the left of the diagram) which end as anterior cutaneous branches (right of the diagram)
58
Q

Hernias IV
LO11: Distinguish between acquired and congenital hernias

A
  • Because the embryonic processes vaginalis remains open in an indirect hernia, that is referred to as a congenital hernia
  • Which means that direct hernias (weakness forms in the posterior wall after heavy lifting, weakening muscles due to age etc.) are acquired
59
Q
A
60
Q

List the 3 origins of the internal oblique?

A
61
Q

List the 3 origins and two insertions of the rectus abdominus sheath?

A
62
Q

Define linea alba

A
63
Q

What is the innervation of the transversus abdominus?

A

Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12) and L1

64
Q
A
65
Q

Superficial fascia
LO6: Explain the importance of the distinction between the fatty and membranous layers of the superficial fascia

What is the fatty layer of the superficial fascia called?

What ligament does it form in the penis?

A
  • The fatty layer of the superficial fascia (Camper’s fascia) contains fat (obviously)
  • It continues over the penis in men, then loses its fat and fuses with the deeper membranous layer to form part of the scrotum
  • In women it retains some fat and is a component of the labia majora
  • The deeper, membranous layer (Scarpa’s fascia) contains little or no fat.
  • Also forms a ligament in the penis called the fundiform ligament which the fatty layer isn’t involved in creating.
66
Q

where is the insertion of the transverusus abdominus?

A
67
Q

•Usually four quadrants are used to locate major organs:

•…………. and …………. in the upper right

  • …………. and …………. in upper left
  • …………. and …………. in lower right
  • Last bit of the …………. …………. and …………. in the lower left
A

•Usually four quadrants are used to locate major organs:

•Liver and gallbladder in the upper right

  • Stomach and spleen in upper left
  • Caecum and appendix in lower right
  • Last bit of the descending colon and sigmoid in the lower left
68
Q

Define a hernia and what list 3 things that define a hernia?

A
  • A hernia is a condition in which part or the whole of an organ protrudes through the wall of the cavity containing it
  • A hernia is defined by three things:
  1. The weakness/defect site
  2. The hernia sac. The sac is made up of the neck, body and fundus.
  3. The contents of the hernia sac
69
Q
A
70
Q

Where is the origin of the transversus abdominus?

A
71
Q
A
72
Q

What planes are used to split the abdomen into four planes and what landmarks are used to make these lines ?

A
  • The sagittal plane is a line from the suprasternal notch to the pubic symphysis
  • The horizontal plane is a line through the umbilicus (transumbilical plane)
73
Q

What is the innervation for the following?

External oblique

Internal oblique

Transversus abdominis

Rectus abdominis

Pyramidalis?

A

Innervation

Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12)

Anterior rami of lower size thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12) and L1

Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12) and L1

Anterior rami of lower six thoracic spinal nerves (T7 to T12)

(NO L1)

Anterior ramus of T12

74
Q
A
75
Q

Lymphatic drainage
LO13: Outline the lymphatic drainage of the anterior abdominal wall

A

•There is superficial and deep drainage

•Superficial

  • Above the umbilicus lymph goes up to axillary nodes
  • Below the umbilicus lymph goes down to the superficial inguinal nodes

•Deep

  • Above the umbilicus goes up to parasternal (next to sternum) nodes
  • Below the umbilicus goes down to para-aortic (next to aorta) and external iliac nodes (harder to remember)

•

76
Q

The iliac tubercle is located 5cm posterior to the ……… on the iliac crest

A

The iliac tubercle is located 5cm posterior to the ASIS on the iliac crest

Year1-Mubarak-Abdomen Anatomy (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions