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Gastrointestinal > Anatomy Of The Abdomen 1&2 > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The Abdomen 1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is abdominal plane 1 called?

A

Hypochondriac

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2
Q

What is abdominal plane 2 called?

A

Epigastric

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3
Q

What is abdominal plane 3 called?

A

Lumbar

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4
Q

What is abdominal plane 4 called?

A

Umbilical

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5
Q

What is abdominal plane 5 called?

A

Iliac

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6
Q

What is abdominal plane 6 called?

A

Hypogastric

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7
Q

What is the border between mouth and pharynx marked by?

A

Palatoglossal arch

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8
Q

What muscle closes oropharyngeal isthmus to separate oral cavity from oropharynx?

A

Palatoglossus

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9
Q

Describe fungiform papillae?

A

Round, relatively large and along margins of tongue

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10
Q

Describe filiform papillae

A

Small, cone shaped, mucosal projections, NO TASTE BUDS

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11
Q

Describe vallate papillae

A

Blunt ended, cylindrical, largest, 8-12 in a V shape anterior to the terminal sulcus

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12
Q

Describe foliate papillae

A

Linear folds of mucosa, on the sides of tongue

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13
Q

What is the purpose of papillae on the tongue?

A

Increase contact area between tongue and contents of oral cavity

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14
Q

Which papillae do not have taste buds on surface?

A

Filiform Papillae

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15
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharyngeal, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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16
Q

What are the 3 parts of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical; continuous with the oropharynx
Thoracic; T1-T10
Abdominal (oesophageal hiatus to cardia of stomach)

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17
Q

What are the 3 normal constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical (C5/C6) due to cricoid cartilage
Thoracic due to aortic arch
Abdominal at oesophageal hiatus

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18
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  • production and secretion of bile
  • metabolism; including carbohydrates, fat and protein
  • filtration of blood; removal of bacteria and foreign particles that have gained entrance to the blood from the lumen of SI
  • synthesis of heparin, an anticoagulant substance with an important detoxification function
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19
Q

What is the position of the liver?

A

Occupies upper part of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm. Completely fills the right hypochondrium and extends into epigastric region

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20
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the liver?

A

Diaphragmatic - anterior, superior and posterior

Visceral - inferior

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21
Q

Describe the diaphragmatic surface

A

Smooth and domed, lying against the inferior surface of the diaphragm
Associated with it are the subphrenic and hepatorenal recesses

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22
Q

Which parts of the visceral surface are not covered in visceral peritoneum?

A

Fossa for the gallbladder and the porta hepatis

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23
Q

What structures are related to the liver?

A 
Right anterior part of the stomach
Lesser omentum 
Gallbladder
Right colic flexors and transverse colon
Right kidney and suprarenal gland
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24
Q

Which lobe of the liver is larger?

A

Right lobe

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25
Q

What is the liver divided by?

A

By the fossil for the gallbladder and the IVC

26
Q

Which lobes arise from the right lobe?

A

Quadrate and caudate

27
Q

Why are the quadrate and caudate lobes related to the left lobe?

A

Blood supply, venous drainage and hepatic ducts

28
Q

What enters at the apex of the liver?

A

A single segmental branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct

29
Q

What separates the couinaud segments?

A

There is venous outflow though the hepatic veins, which run in three vertical planes that separate the segments

30
Q

What are the 4 ligaments of the liver

A

Falciform ligament on anterior, coronary ligament and right and left triangular ligaments on posterior surface

31
Q

What is in the spaces between the lobules of the liver

A

Portal canals

32
Q

What is the liver surrounded by

A

Fibrous capsule

33
Q

What is the fibrous capsule surrounding the liver made up of?

A

Liver lobules and the central vein of each lobules is a tributary of the hepatic veins, which in turn drain into the IVC

34
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Hepatic artery, portal vein, tributary of a bile duct

35
Q

What passes between hepatocytes by means of sinusoids and drains into the central vein?

A

Arterial and venous blood

36
Q

What are the actions of bile and how is is it secreted?

A

Digest and absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins in the small intestine and eliminate waste products including bilirubin
Produced and secreted by hepatocytes at a constant rate of about 40mL per hour

37
Q

What do hepatocytes secrete bile into?

A

Canaliculi which flows into bile ducts

38
Q

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

A

Gallbladder and concentrated 5 fold when digestion is not taking place

39
Q

Where does the pancreas lie?

A

Epigastrium

Soft, Lohi latex and sits on posterior abdominal wall

40
Q

What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?

A

Head, neck, body and tail

41
Q

Describe main pancreatic duct

A

Begins at tail and runs to head, receiving numerous tributaries

42
Q

Describe the accessory duct

A

Drains upper part of head and opens into duodenum, above main duct, on minor duodenal papilla
Frequently communicates with main duct

43
Q

What are the main landmarks of the stomach?

A

Fundus, body, greater curvature, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, duodenum, lesser curvature, cardia, oesophagus

44
Q

What are the ligaments of the stomach?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament, hepatogastric ligament, lesser and greater omentum

45
Q

Describe the duodenum?

A

4 parts
Retroperitoneal
Beginning is called duodenal cap
Adjacent to head of pancreas

46
Q

What are the jejunum and ileum supplied by?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

47
Q

Describe the jejunum

A 
Proximal 2/5ths of SI
Mostly in upper left quadrant
Large diameter and thicker wall
Prominent plicae circulares
Less prominent arterial arcades and longer vasa recta
48
Q

Describe the ileum

A 
Distal 3/5th of SI
Mostly in lower right quadrant 
Thinner walls
Fewer and less plicae circulares
Extensive arterial arcade and shorter vasa recta
More mesenteric fat
49
Q

Describe the large intestine

A

Appendix, caecum, ascending colon, right colic flexure ( hepatic ), transverse colon, left colic flexure (splenic) , omental appendices, descending colon, sigmoid colon

50
Q

Describe the anal canal

A

Continuation of large intestine inferior to rectum
Termination of rectal ampulla
Narrows at pelvic floor
Terminates as anus after passing through the peritoneum

51
Q

What is the anal canal surrounded by as it passes through the pelvic floor?

A

Internal and external sphincters to normally keep it closed

52
Q

Describe the lining of the anal canal

A

Upper mucosa similar to rectum, distinguished by longitudinal folds called anal columns
United inferiorly: anal valves
– Superior to which: anal sinus
– Valves form a circle at the pectinate line
• Lower mucosa below pectinate line: transition zone
– Lined by nonkeratinised stratified squamous epithelium
• Developmentally, the pectinate line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction
– Transition from GI mucosa to skin

53
Q

What are the 2 levator ani muscles of the pelvic floor?

A

Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus

54
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic floor?

A

Pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, pubovaginalis, puborectalis

55
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

A thin, serous membrane lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

56
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

Lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

57
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

Lines the organs/viscera

58
Q

Describe the peritoneal cavity

A

Peritoneal cavity between the two layers of peritoneum
• Potential Space
• A ‘closed’ cavity in males
• Communication with the exterior via the vagina, uterus and uterine tubes in females

59
Q

What does intraperitoneal mean?

A

-when an organ is completely covered with visceral peritoneum
Eg. Stomach, jejunum, ileum
Organs are attached to each other or to the abdominal wall by peritoneal folds, known as a mesentery

60
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

When an organ lies behind the peritoneum, only partially covered
Eg. Pancreas, ascending and descending colon

61
Q

What does extra peritoneal mean?

A

Lies outside the peritoneum

Eg. Fat, tissue etc

Gastrointestinal (11 decks)

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