Anatomy Of The Abdomen 1&2 Flashcards
What is abdominal plane 1 called?
Hypochondriac
What is abdominal plane 2 called?
Epigastric
What is abdominal plane 3 called?
Lumbar
What is abdominal plane 4 called?
Umbilical
What is abdominal plane 5 called?
Iliac
What is abdominal plane 6 called?
Hypogastric
What is the border between mouth and pharynx marked by?
Palatoglossal arch
What muscle closes oropharyngeal isthmus to separate oral cavity from oropharynx?
Palatoglossus
Describe fungiform papillae?
Round, relatively large and along margins of tongue
Describe filiform papillae
Small, cone shaped, mucosal projections, NO TASTE BUDS
Describe vallate papillae
Blunt ended, cylindrical, largest, 8-12 in a V shape anterior to the terminal sulcus
Describe foliate papillae
Linear folds of mucosa, on the sides of tongue
What is the purpose of papillae on the tongue?
Increase contact area between tongue and contents of oral cavity
Which papillae do not have taste buds on surface?
Filiform Papillae
What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharyngeal, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
What are the 3 parts of the oesophagus?
Cervical; continuous with the oropharynx
Thoracic; T1-T10
Abdominal (oesophageal hiatus to cardia of stomach)
What are the 3 normal constrictions of the oesophagus?
Cervical (C5/C6) due to cricoid cartilage
Thoracic due to aortic arch
Abdominal at oesophageal hiatus
What are the functions of the liver?
- production and secretion of bile
- metabolism; including carbohydrates, fat and protein
- filtration of blood; removal of bacteria and foreign particles that have gained entrance to the blood from the lumen of SI
- synthesis of heparin, an anticoagulant substance with an important detoxification function
What is the position of the liver?
Occupies upper part of the abdominal cavity, just beneath the diaphragm. Completely fills the right hypochondrium and extends into epigastric region
What are the 2 surfaces of the liver?
Diaphragmatic - anterior, superior and posterior
Visceral - inferior
Describe the diaphragmatic surface
Smooth and domed, lying against the inferior surface of the diaphragm
Associated with it are the subphrenic and hepatorenal recesses
Which parts of the visceral surface are not covered in visceral peritoneum?
Fossa for the gallbladder and the porta hepatis
What structures are related to the liver?
Right anterior part of the stomach Lesser omentum Gallbladder Right colic flexors and transverse colon Right kidney and suprarenal gland
Which lobe of the liver is larger?
Right lobe
What is the liver divided by?
By the fossil for the gallbladder and the IVC
Which lobes arise from the right lobe?
Quadrate and caudate
Why are the quadrate and caudate lobes related to the left lobe?
Blood supply, venous drainage and hepatic ducts
What enters at the apex of the liver?
A single segmental branch of the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct
What separates the couinaud segments?
There is venous outflow though the hepatic veins, which run in three vertical planes that separate the segments
What are the 4 ligaments of the liver
Falciform ligament on anterior, coronary ligament and right and left triangular ligaments on posterior surface
What is in the spaces between the lobules of the liver
Portal canals
What is the liver surrounded by
Fibrous capsule
What is the fibrous capsule surrounding the liver made up of?
Liver lobules and the central vein of each lobules is a tributary of the hepatic veins, which in turn drain into the IVC
What is the portal triad?
Hepatic artery, portal vein, tributary of a bile duct
What passes between hepatocytes by means of sinusoids and drains into the central vein?
Arterial and venous blood
What are the actions of bile and how is is it secreted?
Digest and absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins in the small intestine and eliminate waste products including bilirubin
Produced and secreted by hepatocytes at a constant rate of about 40mL per hour
What do hepatocytes secrete bile into?
Canaliculi which flows into bile ducts
Where is bile stored and concentrated?
Gallbladder and concentrated 5 fold when digestion is not taking place
Where does the pancreas lie?
Epigastrium
Soft, Lohi latex and sits on posterior abdominal wall
What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?
Head, neck, body and tail
Describe main pancreatic duct
Begins at tail and runs to head, receiving numerous tributaries
Describe the accessory duct
Drains upper part of head and opens into duodenum, above main duct, on minor duodenal papilla
Frequently communicates with main duct
What are the main landmarks of the stomach?
Fundus, body, greater curvature, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal, duodenum, lesser curvature, cardia, oesophagus
What are the ligaments of the stomach?
Hepatoduodenal ligament, hepatogastric ligament, lesser and greater omentum
Describe the duodenum?
4 parts
Retroperitoneal
Beginning is called duodenal cap
Adjacent to head of pancreas
What are the jejunum and ileum supplied by?
Superior mesenteric artery
Describe the jejunum
Proximal 2/5ths of SI Mostly in upper left quadrant Large diameter and thicker wall Prominent plicae circulares Less prominent arterial arcades and longer vasa recta
Describe the ileum
Distal 3/5th of SI Mostly in lower right quadrant Thinner walls Fewer and less plicae circulares Extensive arterial arcade and shorter vasa recta More mesenteric fat
Describe the large intestine
Appendix, caecum, ascending colon, right colic flexure ( hepatic ), transverse colon, left colic flexure (splenic) , omental appendices, descending colon, sigmoid colon
Describe the anal canal
Continuation of large intestine inferior to rectum
Termination of rectal ampulla
Narrows at pelvic floor
Terminates as anus after passing through the peritoneum
What is the anal canal surrounded by as it passes through the pelvic floor?
Internal and external sphincters to normally keep it closed
Describe the lining of the anal canal
Upper mucosa similar to rectum, distinguished by longitudinal folds called anal columns
United inferiorly: anal valves
– Superior to which: anal sinus
– Valves form a circle at the pectinate line
• Lower mucosa below pectinate line: transition zone
– Lined by nonkeratinised stratified squamous epithelium
• Developmentally, the pectinate line represents the hindgut-proctodeum junction
– Transition from GI mucosa to skin
What are the 2 levator ani muscles of the pelvic floor?
Pubococcygeus and iliococcygeus
What are the muscles of the pelvic floor?
Pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, pubovaginalis, puborectalis
What is the peritoneum?
A thin, serous membrane lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
What is the parietal peritoneum?
Lines the walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
What is the visceral peritoneum?
Lines the organs/viscera
Describe the peritoneal cavity
Peritoneal cavity between the two layers of peritoneum
• Potential Space
• A ‘closed’ cavity in males
• Communication with the exterior via the vagina, uterus and uterine tubes in females
What does intraperitoneal mean?
-when an organ is completely covered with visceral peritoneum
Eg. Stomach, jejunum, ileum
Organs are attached to each other or to the abdominal wall by peritoneal folds, known as a mesentery
What does retroperitoneal mean?
When an organ lies behind the peritoneum, only partially covered
Eg. Pancreas, ascending and descending colon
What does extra peritoneal mean?
Lies outside the peritoneum
Eg. Fat, tissue etc
