Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

RESPIRATORY > Anatomy of Respiratory System > Flashcards

Anatomy of Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what structures form the upper respiratory tract

A

the right & left nasal cavities
or the oral cavity
the naso- oro- & laryngo- pharynx
larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what structures form the lower respiratory tract

A 
trachea
right & left main bronchi
lobar bronchi
segmental bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where does the larynx become the trachea and they pharynx become the oesophagus

A

at C6 vertebra

cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is the trachea palpated

A

he jugular notch of the manubrium can feel cart igneous right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located

A

anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the only bone that doesn’t articulate with any other bone in the body

A

hyoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bones in neck from superior to inferior

A

hyoid
thyoid
cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where does the thyroid gland sit

A

anterior to trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

where is the thorax located

A

between neck and abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what structures make up the thorax

A

chest walls - rib cage

chest cavity - contains viscera, major vessels, nerves, mediastinum, left & right pleural cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

list the chest wall layers from superficial to deep

A 
skin
fascia (superficial -> deep)
skeletal muscle
bone (ribs)
parietal pleura
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

role of the chest wall

A

protect lungs and heart
movement of breathing
breast tissues - lactation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the mediastinum contain

A

heart and great vessels

located between pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

role of the pleural cavity

A

to protect lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

define lung lobe

A

are of lung that each of the lobar bronchi supply with air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what lobes does the right lung have

A

superior, middle, inferior lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the lung lobes separated by

A

oblique fissures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what lobes does the left lung have

A

superior and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how does the left lung differ from the right

A

the right lung has a horizontal fissure separating the superior and middle lobes, left lung does not have a middle lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what lung is higher, why

A

right lung, due to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is lingual

A

appendage of tissue only non left lung as there is no middle lobe on the left lung due to position of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the segments of the lung

A

10 segments can be isolated during surgery, each segment has its own blood/lymph/air/venous supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the thoracic skeleton made up of

A 
12 rib pairs
intercostal spaces
12 thoracic vertebrae
clavicle, scapula
sternum
costal margin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are ribs 1-7 called

A

true ribs, costal cartilage attaches to sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are ribs 8-10 called

A

false ribs as the costal cartilage above to the sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are ribs 11 & 12 called

A

floating ribs

no sternum attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the sternum made up of

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid
sternal angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the mesosternum

A

sternum process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how does the rib attach to the sternum

A

via costal cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what does the head of the rib articulate with

A

body of vertebra of the same number thoracic vertebrae but also partly with the vertebrae superiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does the rib tubercle articulate with

A

transverse process of the vertebra of the same number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what joint type are the sternocostal joints

A

synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what joints in the thoracic skeleton have limited movements

A

costovertebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are the costal margins

A

cartilage edge of the false ribs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what type of joint is costovertebral joints

A

hyaline cartilaginous joints

no movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

3 layers of skeletal muscle located between ribs and within the intercostal spaces

A 
external intercostal
internal intercostal
innermost intercostal
(each layer attach between adjacent ribs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how do the intercostals move the ribs during breathing

A

expand chest wall pulling adjacent ribs up and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how many pairs of intercostals is there

A

11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what does each intercostal space between innermost intercostal and internal intercostal carry

A

neuro-vascular bundle:

artery, vein and nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is the nerve supply of the intercostals

A

anterior rams of spinal nerve

intercostal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is the posterior atrial supply to the intercostals

A

thoracic aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

posterior venous drainage of intercostals

A

azygous vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

anterior atrial supply to intercostals

A

internal thoracic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

anterior Venous drainage to intercostals

A

internal thoracic vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what skeletal muscle forms the floor of the chest cavity and the roof of the abdominal cavity

A

diaphragm - skeletal muscle with a central tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

why does the diaphragm have opening

A

allows structures to pass through connecting abdominal and chest cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

why is the right dome higher than left dome of the diaphragm

A

presence of the liver inferiorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what does the diaphragm attach peripherally to

A

sternum
lower 6 ribs + costal cartilages
L1-L3 vertebral bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what nerves supply the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerves C3,4,5

anteripr rami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

the diaphragm is supplied by the autonomous/somatic nervous system

A

somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

where are the phrenic nerves found

A

neck: anterior surface of scalenus anterior muscle
chest: depend over lateral aspects of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what does the phrenic nerves supply

A

somatic sensory & sympathetic axons to diaphragm and fibrous pericardium
somatic motor axons to diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the pleural cavity

A

vacuum containing pleural fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

difference between parietal and visceral pleura

A

visceral pleura in contact with lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

when the lungs expand how does air move into the lungs

A

under negative pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

when the intercostals contract how are the ribs elevated

A

increases A-P and laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what happens during expiration

A

elastic recoil so air pushed out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

where is the trachea palpated

A

jugular notch of manubrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

where is the sternal angle located

A

rib 2

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is adipose tissues function

A

insulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

function of deep fascia

A

fibrous tough

protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what vein is located in the delta-percoral groove

A

cephalic vein, drains upper limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is superficial fascia

A

fat, adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what causes a winged scapula

A

paralysis of serrates anterior
dure to injury eg compression of long thoracic nerve which supplies serratus anterior
thoracic wall no longer attached to scapula so sticks out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

function of the serratus anterior

A

anchors scapula to thoracic wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

muscles of anterolateral chest wall

A

pectorals major
serratus anterior
ltissimus dorsi

67
Q

were are the subclavian vessels located

A

lateral to the lateral border of the first rib

they become axillary vessels then brachia vessels

68
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium covered bilaterally with

A

parietal pleura

69
Q

what is the only connection of the lungs to the mediastinum

A

the lung roots

70
Q

areas of the parietal pleura

A 
cervical pleura
costal pleura
visceral pleura
diaphragmatic pleura = in contact with parietal
mediastinal parietal pleura
71
Q

what is the most dependant part of the pleural cavity (most inferior)

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

72
Q

where does abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity drain eg pleural effusions/hemothroax

A

costodiaphragmatic recess - causes blunting of angles

angles not clear on CXR

73
Q

what is located between diaphragmatic parietal pleura and costal pleura

A

costodirphragmatic recess

74
Q

what is laterally the most inferior region of the lungs

A

costophrenic angle

75
Q

what are the structures of the root of lung

A 
1 main bronchus
1 pulmonary artery
2 pulmonary veins lymphatics
viscera afferents
sympathetic + parasympathetic nerves
76
Q

what is the root of the lung called

A

the hilum

77
Q

4 features of the hilum

A

main bronchi (hyalin cartilage in walls)
pulmonary arteries
pulmonary lymph nodes (back)
pulmonary veins

78
Q

on the left lung arteries are located superior/inferior whereas veins are located antrosuperior/antroinferior

A 
arteries = superior
veins = antroinferior
79
Q

what do normal breathing sounds, sound like

A

rustling

80
Q

what must be auscultated in the lungs

A

5 lung lobes
apices (at top of lungs)
bases

81
Q

what do pleurae secrete

A

pleural fluid into pleural cavity

82
Q

what is the role of pleural fluid

A

a lubricate

provides surface tension

83
Q

how do lungs in embryo differ from lungs in adult

A

lung bud (balloon) in embryo pushes out from the mediastinum into pleural cavity but is not in the cavity whereas in adults theres a vacuum filled with pleural fluid so lung is in the pleural cavity

84
Q

what 4 structures of the resp. have sensory receptors in the mucosa

A

oropharynx
laryngopharyx
larynx
respiratory tree (trachea to bronchioles)

85
Q

what sensory receptors of nerves are stimulated in sneezing

A

CN V or CN IX

86
Q

what sensory receptors of nerves are stimulated in coughing

A

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) - on surface of carotid sheath or CN X (vagus) in carotid sheath

87
Q

what does the carotid sheath contain

A

vagus nerve
internal carotid artery
common carotid artery
internal jugular vein

88
Q

what is there carotid sheath

A

bilateral, protective tubes of cervical (neck) deep fascia

attaches superiorly to the bones of the base of the skull and blends inferiorly with the fascia of the mediastinum

89
Q

how do nerves initiate cough reflex

A

send sensory impulses to the CNS via carotid sheath

90
Q

how do visceral pleura and respiratory trees visceral afferents (sensory nerve) connect with CNS

A

via the pulmonary plexus
sympathetic trunk
vagus nerve CNX in the carotid sheath
pulmonary visceral afferents travel from visceral pleura and resp tree to the plexus then follows vagus nerve to the medulla of brain stem

91
Q

what does the pulmonary plexus contain

A

sympathetic axons
parasympathetic axons
visceral afferens

92
Q

what is the role of motor axons travelling from tracheal bifurcation to branches of the resp tree

A

supply all mucus glands and all bronchiolar smooth muscle

93
Q

how is a negative pressure in the lungs created

A

diaphragm contacts + descends
intercostal muscles elevate ribs (increased AP/lateral dimension)
chest wall pull parietal pleura creating vacuum and pulls visceral pleura (lungs)

94
Q

main muscle of quiet inspiration

A

diaphragm

95
Q

what nerves supply the diaphragm

A

anterior rami of C3, 4, 5

96
Q

where is the phrenic nerves found in the neck

A

anterior surface fo scalenus anterior muscle

97
Q

where is the phrenic nerve located in the chest (thorax)

A

descends over lateral aspects of the fibrous pericardium ANTERIOR TO HYLEM (lung root)

98
Q

role of the phrenic nerve

A

supplies somatic sensory and sympathetic axons to diaphragm and fibrous pericardium and somatic motor axons to diaphragm
INNERVATES DIAPHRAGM

99
Q

role of phrenic nerve in deep/forced inspiration

A

greater outflow of action potential of longer duration of phrenic nerve causing diaphragm to flatten + maximally descend

100
Q

what are the intercostal nerves

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves T1 - T11

101
Q

what does the posterior rami of the nerve supply only supply

A

the back

102
Q

role of intercostals in deep/forced inspiration

A

muscle contracts forcefully, raises ribs maximally

103
Q

3 intercostal muscles

A

external
internal
innermost

104
Q

what are the accessory muscles of deep/forced inspiration

A

pectoralis major
pectoralis minor
strnocleidomastoid
scalenus anterior, medius + posterior

105
Q

what is recruitment of the accessory muscles a clinical sign of

A

dyspnoea - breathing difficulty

106
Q

role of pectorals major in deep/forced breathing

A

if fixed upper limb position ie. hold onto arms of a chair or thigh (hunch over) pectorals major pulls the ribs up and out expanding thoracic cave

107
Q

where does the pectorals major attach between

A

sternum/ribs + humerus

adduce and medially rotates humerus

108
Q

role of pectoralis amino in deep inspiration

A

pulls ribs 3-5 superiorly shards coracoid process of scapula

109
Q

attachments of sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

sternum/clavicle + mastoid press of temporal bone

it is the big muscle in neck that can lift thoracic cave superiorly

110
Q

attachment of silenus anterior, medium and posterior

A

between cervical vertebrae and ribs 1+2

111
Q

where is the sternal angle located

A

rib 2

112
Q

during cough reflex what is closed to prevent air escaping the lungs

A

rima glottidis

113
Q

where are the vocal cords found

A

midline, close the rims glottidis

114
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

all skeletal (voluntary) muscles
attach between cartilages
move the cartilages resulting in vocal cords

115
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx supplied by

A

somatic motor branches of CNX

116
Q

role of intrinsic muscles of the larynx during cough reflex

A

adduct vocal cords

117
Q

what are the 3 laryngeal cartilages

A 
thyroid cartilage (large cartilage superior)
cricoid cartilage
aretanoid cartilage (posterior 2 little cartilages)
118
Q

what separates the upper and lower resp trac

A

rima glottidis

119
Q

what nerve are the vocal cords supplied by

A

vagus nerve

120
Q

where do the vocal cords sit

A

C6

121
Q

where does the right and left mixed cranial nerves connect with the CNS

A

at medulla (obligate) of brainstem

122
Q

how does the vagus nerve enter brain

A

at base of skull via jugular foramen with internal jugular vein

123
Q

how does the vagus nerve descend from brain to neck

A

within carotid sheath

124
Q

where does the vagus nerve descend over in the chest

A

POSTERIOR TO HYLEM (lung root)

125
Q

what does CNX supply to the chest organs inc. pulmonary plexus

A

parasympathetic axons

126
Q

how does CNX pass through the diaphragm

A

on the oesophagus

on surface of stomach divide into parasympathetic branches fro foregut + midgut organs

127
Q

what is the function of the vagus nerve in cough reflex

A

supplies sensory axons to the mucosa lining larynx

supplies motor axons to intrinsic muscles of larynx

128
Q

how is air pushed out during expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes and rises
intercostals lower ribs
elastic tissue of lungs recoils

129
Q

what are the accessory muscles of deep (forced) inspiration

A

right/left anterolateral abdominal wall muscles contract increasing abdominal pressure, forces diaphragm up increasing intra-thoracic pressure

130
Q

what are the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

A

right/left transverses abdominus
right/left internal oblique
right/left external oblique
right/left rectus abdominis (6 pack muscles)

131
Q

where does the aponeurosis of the right and left external oblique meet

A

midline - linea alba

132
Q

why are abdominal muscles unique

A

50/50 muscle/tendon (aponeurosis)

133
Q

what forms the transition between muscle and aponeurosis

A

linea semilunaris (right and left)

134
Q

where does the right external oblique attach

A

superiorly: lower ribs
inferiorly: anterior iliac crest and pubic tubercle

135
Q

what is the attachments of the internal oblique muscles (deep to external oblique)

A

superior: inferior border of lower ribs
inferior: ileac crew and thoracolumbar fascia of lower back

136
Q

muscle fibre direction of external oblique

A

anterior downwards

137
Q

muscle fibre direction of internal oblique

A

posterior downwards

138
Q

where is the transverses abdominus located

A

deep to internal oblique

139
Q

direction of fibres of transverses abdominus

A

posterior to anterior

horizontal

140
Q

attachments of transverse abdominus

A

superiorly: deep aspects of the lower ribs
inferiorly: iliac crest + thoracolumbar fascia of lower back

141
Q

what nerves (somatic motor, sensory and sympathetic fibres) supply the abdomen muscles

A

thoracoabdominal nerves:
7TH-11TH Intercostal travel anteriorly to plane between internal oblique & transverses abdominus
subcostal nerve T12 anterior ramus
iliohypogastic nerve half L1 anterior rami
ilioinguinal nerve other half L1

142
Q

function of the 4 abdominal muscles

A 
maintain posture
suport vertebral column
movements of spine
guarding (protect) abdominal viscera 
contract to increase intra-abdominal pressure + forced expiration
143
Q

in the cough reflex the CNS responds rapidly to coordinate what responses

A

1) deep inspiration: diaphragm (phrenic nerves), intercostal muscles (intercostal nerves) & accessory muscles
2) adduction vocal cords, close rima glottidis (vagus)
3) anterolateral abdominal wall muscles contract (intercostal nerves) builds intra-abdominal pressure (vocal cords closed)
4) vocal cords suddenly abduct opening rims glottides
5) soft palate tenses (CNV) and elevates (vagus) closes nasopharynx and directs stream of air (100mph) through oral cavity as cough

144
Q

what is the main nerve of the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

145
Q

what nerve adducts then abducts vocal cords closing rim glottidis

A

vagus nerve

146
Q

what nerves cause contraction of the anterolateral abdominal wall muscles

A

intercostal nerves

147
Q

what causes the soft palate to tense

A

CNV (trigeminal nerve)

148
Q

what causes soft palate to elevate

A

vagus nerve

149
Q

4 parts of the mediastinum

A

middle mediastinum
anterior mediastinum
superior mediastinum
posterior mediastinum

150
Q

what does the middle mediastinum contain

A

the heart and commencement of great vessels

151
Q

what does the anterior mediastinum contain

A

adults - fat

children - thymus gland for immune response, produces mature T cells

152
Q

what does the posterior mediastinum contain

A

thoracic aorta
thoracic duct
azygous vein (drains intercostals)

153
Q

what does the superior mediastinum contain

A

aorta and veins draining from head + neck

154
Q

what is the level of the sternal angle

A

T4

rib 2

155
Q

what is the level of the mid mediastinum

A

T7

156
Q

what is the consequences of a mediastinal shift

A

tracheal deviation away from the side of a unilateral tension pneumothorax - palpated in jugular notch
SVC compression - reduces venous return to heart = hypotension (low arterial bp)

157
Q

where does the aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein perforate the diaphragm

A

T12

158
Q

where does the trachea bifurcate

A

carina

T5, rib 2

159
Q

where can the sternal angle be palpated

A

Rib 2

160
Q

where is the right middle lob located

A

between ribs 4-6

mid clavicular and midaxillary lines

161
Q

where is the horizontal fissure

A

right rib 4

162
Q

where can the base of the lungs be auscultated

A

T12

163
Q

where are the oblique fissures

A

Rib 6 (rising to T3)

RESPIRATORY (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions