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Renal > Anatomy of renal tract > Flashcards

Anatomy of renal tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the renal system?

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

What two parts make up the upper renal tract?

A

Kidneys

Ureter

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3
Q

What two parts make up the lower renal tract?

A

Bladder

Urethra

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4
Q

Describe the location of the right kidney

A

L1-L3
Retroperitoneal
Right hypochondrium
Posterior to: liver, hepatorenal recess, duodenum and colon

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5
Q

Describe the location of the left kidney

A

T12-L2
Retroperitoneal
Left hypochondrium
Posterior to: stomach, pancreas and spleen

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6
Q

What three compartments are is the renal tract found in?

A

Abdomen
Pelvis
Peritoneum

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7
Q

What parts of the renal tract are found in the abdomen?

A

Kidneys

Proximal ureter

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8
Q

What parts of the renal tract are found in the pelvis?

A

Distal ureter
Bladder
Proximal urethra

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9
Q

What part of the renal tract is found in the peritoneum?

A

Distal urethra

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10
Q

On which side is the aorta located?

A

Left

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11
Q

On which side is the IVC located?

A

Right- and more anterior to aorta

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12
Q

From anterior to posterior what is the order of vessels at the hilum of the kidney

A

Vein
Artery
Ureter

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13
Q

What muscles are located close to the kidneys?

A

Abdo wall muscles:
External + internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas Major

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14
Q

From external to internal what fascia surrounds the kidneys?

A 
Visceral peritoneum
Paranephric fat
Renal fascia
Perinephric fat
Renal capsule
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15
Q

Describe the paranephric fat

A

Solid

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16
Q

Describe the perinephric fat

A

Liquid

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17
Q

Why can swelling in the kidney cause pain?

A

Renal capsule tight therefore cannot expand

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18
Q

What bony structure protects the kidneys?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

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19
Q

Which is more anterior between common iliac arteries and veins?

A

Arteries

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20
Q

Which is more anterior between IVC and abdominal aorta at the level of the kidneys?

A

IVC

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21
Q

In relation to the renal arteries what two forms of AAA are possible?

A

Infrarenal

suprarenal

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22
Q

At what level do the renal arteries arise?

A

Between L1 and L2

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23
Q

What developmental abnormalities of the kidneys can be seen?

A 
Agenesis
Horseshoe
Bifid renal pelvis
Bifid ureter
Ectopic pelvic kidney
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24
Q

How is it possible to have one kideny?

A

Agenesis
Pathological loss
Donation

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25
Q

What are the three natural sites of constriction of the ureter?

A

Pelviureteric junction- as exits kidney
As crosses iliac crest/common iliac artery
Ureteric oriface as enters bladder

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26
Q

What are the two sites of pathological ureteral constriction?

A

External pressure

Internal blockage

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27
Q

What can cause an internal blockage of the ureter?

A

Renal calculi/stones

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28
Q

What can result from a blockage of the ureter?

A

Back flow into the kidney and eventually renal failure

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29
Q

What is renal failure?

A

A failure to adequately filter blood to produce urine

30
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Blockage in renal tract leading to back pressure in kidney and expansion

31
Q

What are the two areas of the pelvis?

A

True and false pelvis

32
Q

Where is the false pelvis found?

A

Iliac crest to pelvic inlet

33
Q

Where is the true pelvis found?

A

Pelvic inlet to pelvic floor

34
Q

What makes up the pelvic floor/diaphragm?

A

Levator ani

35
Q

Describe the route of the distal ureters

A

Anterior to common iliac arteries
Run along walls of pelvis
At level of ischial spine turn medially to enter posterior bladder

36
Q

Where is the bladder located in respect to the rectum and uterus?

A

Anterior

37
Q

What 3 arteries to the lower renal tract do we need to know?

A

Vesical
Uterine/prostatic
Vaginal

38
Q

What is the trigone?

A

A smooth triangle found in the bladder

39
Q

What make up the three points of the trigone?

A

2 ureteric orifices

Internal urethral oriface

40
Q

What surrounds the upper part of the urethra in males?

A

Prostate

41
Q

What is the bladder made up of?

A

Detrusens/smooth muscle

42
Q

Where is an empty bladder entirely found?

A

Pelvis

43
Q

Where can a full bladder extend to?

A

Out of pelvis into abdomen

44
Q

What are the two routes of catheterisation?

A

Urethral

Suprapubic

45
Q

What must a bladder be for suprapubic catheterisation?

A

Full

46
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

4cm

47
Q

How many sphincters does the female urethra have?

A

2:
Internal- SM, involuntary
External- Skeletal muscle, voluntary

48
Q

Where does the urethra end?

A

External urethral oriface

49
Q

How long in the urethra in males?

A

20cm

50
Q

What does the urethra pass through immediately after exiting the bladder in males?

A

Prostate gland

51
Q

What is the urethra called when it passes through the prostate?

A

Prostatic urethra

52
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter found in males?

A

Just distal to the prostate gland

53
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter found in females?

A

At the junction between pelvis and peritoneum

54
Q

Where does the urethra pass after the prostate in males?

A

Penis

55
Q

What is the urethra called when it passes through the penis?

A

Spongy urethra

56
Q

Why is it called the spongy urethra?

A

Because it passes through the corpus spongiosum

57
Q

Where does lymph from the kidneys drain?

A

Lumbar nodes

58
Q

Where does lymph from the ureters drain?

A

Lumbar and Iliac nodes

59
Q

What kind of cells is the prostatic urethra made of?

A

Transitional epithelium

60
Q

What kind of cells in the spongy urethra made of?

A

Stratified epithelium

61
Q

What cell type surrounds the bladder?

A

Urothelium

62
Q

What cell type lines the ureter?

A

Urothelium

63
Q

Where is urothelium found?

A

Ureter and bladder

64
Q

Describe urothelium

A

Transitional stratified epithelium
3-6 cells deep
Umbrella shaped to allow expansion

65
Q

At what levels do sympathetic fibres to the renal tract arise?

A

T10-L2

66
Q

How do nerve fibres reach/exit the renal tract?

A

By travelling along the blood vessels.

67
Q

Which parasympathetic nerve innervates the kidneys and ureter?

A

Vagus CNX

68
Q

Where do visceral afferent fibres from most of the renal tract enter the spinal cord?

A

T11-L1

69
Q

Where do visceral afferent fibres from the urethra enter the spinal cord?

A

S2-4

70
Q

What two nerves are important in controlling urine flow?

A

Pelvic splanchnic and pudendal nerves

71
Q

Where do the pelvic splanchnic and pudendal nerves arise from?

A

S2-4

72
Q

Are the bladder and internal urethral sphincters sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic

Renal (13 decks)

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