Anatomy of renal tract

Question 1

What are the 4 major parts of the renal system?

Answer 1

Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

Question 2

What two parts make up the upper renal tract?

Answer 2

Kidneys

Ureter

Question 3

What two parts make up the lower renal tract?

Answer 3

Bladder

Urethra

Question 4

Describe the location of the right kidney

Answer 4

L1-L3
Retroperitoneal
Right hypochondrium
Posterior to: liver, hepatorenal recess, duodenum and colon

Question 5

Describe the location of the left kidney

Answer 5

T12-L2
Retroperitoneal
Left hypochondrium
Posterior to: stomach, pancreas and spleen

Question 6

What three compartments are is the renal tract found in?

Answer 6

Abdomen
Pelvis
Peritoneum

Question 7

What parts of the renal tract are found in the abdomen?

Answer 7

Kidneys

Proximal ureter

Question 8

What parts of the renal tract are found in the pelvis?

Answer 8

Distal ureter
Bladder
Proximal urethra

Question 9

What part of the renal tract is found in the peritoneum?

Answer 9

Distal urethra

Question 10

On which side is the aorta located?

Answer 10

Left

Question 11

On which side is the IVC located?

Answer 11

Right- and more anterior to aorta

Question 12

From anterior to posterior what is the order of vessels at the hilum of the kidney

Answer 12

Vein
Artery
Ureter

Question 13

What muscles are located close to the kidneys?

Answer 13

Abdo wall muscles:
External + internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas Major

Question 14

From external to internal what fascia surrounds the kidneys?

Answer 14

Visceral peritoneum
Paranephric fat
Renal fascia
Perinephric fat
Renal capsule

Question 15

Describe the paranephric fat

Answer 15

Solid

Question 16

Describe the perinephric fat

Answer 16

Liquid

Question 17

Why can swelling in the kidney cause pain?

Answer 17

Renal capsule tight therefore cannot expand

Question 18

What bony structure protects the kidneys?

Answer 18

Ribs 11 and 12

Question 19

Which is more anterior between common iliac arteries and veins?

Answer 19

Arteries

Question 20

Which is more anterior between IVC and abdominal aorta at the level of the kidneys?

Answer 20

IVC

Question 21

In relation to the renal arteries what two forms of AAA are possible?

Answer 21

Infrarenal

suprarenal

Question 22

At what level do the renal arteries arise?

Answer 22

Between L1 and L2

Question 23

What developmental abnormalities of the kidneys can be seen?

Answer 23

Agenesis
Horseshoe
Bifid renal pelvis
Bifid ureter
Ectopic pelvic kidney

Question 24

How is it possible to have one kideny?

Answer 24

Agenesis
Pathological loss
Donation

Question 25

What are the three natural sites of constriction of the ureter?

Answer 25

Pelviureteric junction- as exits kidney As crosses iliac crest/common iliac artery Ureteric oriface as enters bladder

Question 26

What are the two sites of pathological ureteral constriction?

Answer 26

External pressure | Internal blockage

Question 27

What can cause an internal blockage of the ureter?

Answer 27

Renal calculi/stones

Question 28

What can result from a blockage of the ureter?

Answer 28

Back flow into the kidney and eventually renal failure

Question 29

What is renal failure?

Answer 29

A failure to adequately filter blood to produce urine

Question 30

What is hydronephrosis?

Answer 30

Blockage in renal tract leading to back pressure in kidney and expansion

Question 31

What are the two areas of the pelvis?

Answer 31

True and false pelvis

Question 32

Where is the false pelvis found?

Answer 32

Iliac crest to pelvic inlet

Question 33

Where is the true pelvis found?

Answer 33

Pelvic inlet to pelvic floor

Question 34

What makes up the pelvic floor/diaphragm?

Answer 34

Levator ani

Question 35

Describe the route of the distal ureters

Answer 35

Anterior to common iliac arteries Run along walls of pelvis At level of ischial spine turn medially to enter posterior bladder

Question 36

Where is the bladder located in respect to the rectum and uterus?

Answer 36

Anterior

Question 37

What 3 arteries to the lower renal tract do we need to know?

Answer 37

Vesical Uterine/prostatic Vaginal

Question 38

What is the trigone?

Answer 38

A smooth triangle found in the bladder

Question 39

What make up the three points of the trigone?

Answer 39

2 ureteric orifices | Internal urethral oriface

Question 40

What surrounds the upper part of the urethra in males?

Answer 40

Prostate

Question 41

What is the bladder made up of?

Answer 41

Detrusens/smooth muscle

Question 42

Where is an empty bladder entirely found?

Answer 42

Pelvis

Question 43

Where can a full bladder extend to?

Answer 43

Out of pelvis into abdomen

Question 44

What are the two routes of catheterisation?

Answer 44

Urethral | Suprapubic

Question 45

What must a bladder be for suprapubic catheterisation?

Answer 45

Full

Question 46

How long is the female urethra?

Answer 46

4cm

Question 47

How many sphincters does the female urethra have?

Answer 47

2: Internal- SM, involuntary External- Skeletal muscle, voluntary

Question 48

Where does the urethra end?

Answer 48

External urethral oriface

Question 49

How long in the urethra in males?

Answer 49

20cm

Question 50

What does the urethra pass through immediately after exiting the bladder in males?

Answer 50

Prostate gland

Question 51

What is the urethra called when it passes through the prostate?

Answer 51

Prostatic urethra

Question 52

Where is the external urethral sphincter found in males?

Answer 52

Just distal to the prostate gland

Question 53

Where is the external urethral sphincter found in females?

Answer 53

At the junction between pelvis and peritoneum

Question 54

Where does the urethra pass after the prostate in males?

Answer 54

Penis

Question 55

What is the urethra called when it passes through the penis?

Answer 55

Spongy urethra

Question 56

Why is it called the spongy urethra?

Answer 56

Because it passes through the corpus spongiosum

Question 57

Where does lymph from the kidneys drain?

Answer 57

Lumbar nodes

Question 58

Where does lymph from the ureters drain?

Answer 58

Lumbar and Iliac nodes

Question 59

What kind of cells is the prostatic urethra made of?

Answer 59

Transitional epithelium

Question 60

What kind of cells in the spongy urethra made of?

Answer 60

Stratified epithelium

Question 61

What cell type surrounds the bladder?

Answer 61

Urothelium

Question 62

What cell type lines the ureter?

Answer 62

Urothelium

Question 63

Where is urothelium found?

Answer 63

Ureter and bladder

Question 64

Describe urothelium

Answer 64

Transitional stratified epithelium 3-6 cells deep Umbrella shaped to allow expansion

Question 65

At what levels do sympathetic fibres to the renal tract arise?

Answer 65

T10-L2

Question 66

How do nerve fibres reach/exit the renal tract?

Answer 66

By travelling along the blood vessels.

Question 67

Which parasympathetic nerve innervates the kidneys and ureter?

Answer 67

Vagus CNX

Question 68

Where do visceral afferent fibres from most of the renal tract enter the spinal cord?

Answer 68

T11-L1

Question 69

Where do visceral afferent fibres from the urethra enter the spinal cord?

Answer 69

S2-4

Question 70

What two nerves are important in controlling urine flow?

Answer 70

Pelvic splanchnic and pudendal nerves

Question 71

Where do the pelvic splanchnic and pudendal nerves arise from?

Answer 71

S2-4

Question 72

Are the bladder and internal urethral sphincters sympathetic or parasympathetic?

Answer 72

Parasympathetic