Anatomy of phonation- Phonation Physiology PPT lecture 10/26/12 Flashcards
What is coughing?
deep inhalation through widely abducted folds, followed by tensing and tight adduction, and elevation of the larynx
What does significant sub-glottal pressure come from?
Tissue recoil and muscles of expiration
What blows the folds apart?
High pressure of forced expiration
What is throat cleaning?
Build pressure in sublottal region and clamp the folds shut to restrain pressure
Performing what action places great strain on delicate folds?
Throat clearing
What is abdominal fixation?
capturing air within the thorax to provide muscles with a structure on which to push or pull.
i.e. guys at the gym grunting
True or False:
Voice result s from vibration of the vocal folds?
True
Muscular forces simply “set” the folds in what position to move?
“to” and “fro” when aeromechanical forces are applied to them
- they are also moving inferiorly and superiorly
Is vocal fold vibration passive or active?
Passive
True or false:
The folds must remain in the airway for vibration to occur?
True
What is a vocal attack?
Adduction of the vocal folds. Bringing folds together to begin phonation- muscular action
What do we do to our folds when we initiate phonation?
We bring folds close enough together that forces of turbulence causes vibration
What are the 3 types of attack?
- Simultaneous
- Breathy
- Glottal
What is a simultaneous attack?
Coordinate adduction and onset of respiration occurs simultaneously
i.e., “zany” vs. “sany”
What is breathy attack?
starting airflow before adducting folds
- occurs during running speech because we keep air flowing throughout the production
What is a glottal attach?
- adduction occurs prior airflow like a cough
- when beginning with a stressed vowel.
i. e., “okay”
What is termination?
- we pull the folds out of the airstream (adduct) far enough to reduce turbulence
- when turbulence is reduced the folds stop vibrating
- both adduction and abduction occur rapidly
What is sustained phonation?
- requires maintenance of laryngeal posture through tonic contraction of musculature
- vibration of the folds is achieved by placing and holding the folds in the airstream
- vibration is not the production of repeated adduction and abduction but due to aerodynamic interaction with the elastic nature of the folds
what is modal register?
daily conversation
what is mode of vibration?
- folds open from inferior to superior )bottom to top) and close from inferior to superior
- undulating wave of tissue
- vibrate in a periodic fashion
- support continued oscillation of the folds (folds continue to vibrate after energy has been removed)
what is fundamental frequency?
one primary frequency of vibration
what is harmonics?
whole number multiples of the fo
True or false:
without harmonics all vowels would sound the same
True
What is the mode of vibration?
anterior-posterior dimension whereas the folds open at the posterior end first, then medial edge, and close posteriorly.
- the arytenoids do not move
What is glottal fry?
low in pitch and sounds “rough”
What is falsetto?
- highest register
- folds lengthen and become thin
- folds briefly make contact
Over compression can cause what?
Nodules
What is a whistle?
turbulence on the edge of the folds- not vibration of folds! Not a phonatory mode
- folds are partially adducted and tensed to develop turbulence in the airstream
- noise used to make speech
- is strenuous
What does undercompression cause?
breathy
What are the acoustic characteristics of the voice?
- frequency
- intensity
- spectrum
What are the perceptual characteristics of teh voice?
- pitch
- loudness
- voice quality
What is not a phonetary mode?
whisper
Frequency will change with changes in what?
distribution of mass and elasticity
Folds promote what?
oscillations (repeated vibrations) at a particular frequency
What is pitch?
psychological correlate of frequency. As frequency increases, pitch increases
What is an important element in speech perception and in changing “inflection”
pitch
What is optimal pitch?
frequency of vocal fold vibration most “appropriate” for an individual
optimal pitch varies as a function based on what?
age and gender
what is habitual pitch?
frequency habitually used during speech
- ideally would be the same as optimal pitch
What is average fundamental frequency?
frequency of vibration of sustained phonation
what is pitch range?
range of of for an individual and is calculated as the difference between highest and lowest frequencies
what are changeable elements of the folds?
tension, length, and mass
True or false:
we can change mass but we can change mass per unit length by spreading the muscle, mucosa, and ligament out over more distance
false. We can.
how can we change tension?
stretching and relaxing.
- by decreasing “mass” we also tense the folds thus increasing frequency
Which muscle tilts the thyroid down
Cricothyroid
which muscle tenses folds?
WAITING ON AMAL
- cricothyroid- gross adjustment
- thyrovocalis- fine movement of pitch
increasing pitch requires increasing the tension of the system, thereby increasing what?
glottal resistance to airflow
Increase in sub-glottal pressure itself DOES or DOES NOT effect frequency?
DOES NOT
Loudness is the psychological correlate to what?
intensity
Intensity (sound pressure level) is the physical measure what?
Power (or pressure) ratios
To increase intensity of the folds we must increase what?
vigor with which the folds open and close
What do we increase to increase intensity?
sub-glottal pressure
Increaseing vocal intensity, the vocal folds are tightly compressed and it takes more or less force to blow them open?
More force
Why do folds tend to stay closed?
Because they are tightly compressed
What is the opening stage?
folds are opening up
What is the closing stage?
folds return to point of approximation
what is closed stage?
no air escaping
