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Anatomy > ANATOMY OF PERINEUM > Flashcards

ANATOMY OF PERINEUM Flashcards

1
Q

In general, what does the urogenital triangle and anal triangle contain?

A

Urogenital: male and female external genitalia
Anal: anal canal and anus and ischioanal fossa

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2
Q

What separates the 2 triangles?

A

A line connecting the ischial tuberosities

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3
Q

Perineal membrane:

  • Stretches between?
  • Extends anteriorly and posteriorly to?
  • Separates the urogenital triangle into what 2 compartments?
A
  • Stretches between the ischiopubic rami
  • Extends anteriorly almost to pubic symphysis
  • Extends posteriorly to ischial tuberosities
  • Deep and superficial perineal spaces
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4
Q

Where do the cavernous bodies of the external genitalia attach?

A

Deep perineal membrane

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5
Q

What is the superficial perineal space/what are its boundaries?

A

Potential space bounded above by perineal membrane and below by the superficial perineal fascia

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6
Q

What does the superficial perineal space contain in females?

What does it contain in males?

A

Clitoris, vestibular bulb, greater vestibular glands

- In males: root of the penis and proximal portion of spongy urethra

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7
Q

What is the perineal body and it is formed by what muscles?

A

Irregular subcutaneous mass of fibromuscular tissue formed by converging fibers of the levator ani, deep transverse perineal and bulbospongiosus muscles and external anal sphincter

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8
Q

Where does the perineal body lie in females and males?

A

Females: between the rectum and vagina
Males: between the rectum and bulb of penis ;) mmmm <3

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9
Q

Function of the perineal body

A

Supports the pelvic diaphragm and pelvic viscera

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10
Q

Innervation of perineum muscles

A

Pudendal nerve (S2 – S4)

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11
Q

Blood supply to perineum

A

Perineal branches of the internal pudendal artery

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12
Q

Venous drainage of the perineum

A

Drains to internal pudendal vein and internal iliac vein

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13
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: SCROTUM

What is it?

A

Extension of the anterior abdominal wall that encloses the testes and spermatic cord

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14
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: PENIS

What are the 3 parts of the penis? (just names)

A

Root, body, glans penis (aka glans)

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15
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: PENIS

Root: what is it attached to? Covered by? Composed of what 2 things?

A

Attached to perineal membrane, covered by muscles
Composed of:
1. Paired crura: attached to the ischiopubic rami and covered by the ischiocavernosus muscles
2. Bulb of penis: attached to the perineal membrane and covered by the bulbospongiosus muscles

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16
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: PENIS

What do the unattached parts of the paired crura of the penis continue as?

A

Corpora cavernosa

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17
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: PENIS

What does the unattached part of the bulb of penis continue as?

A

Corpus spongiosum

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18
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: PENIS

What is the body made up of? Is it covered by muscle?

A

Not covered by muscle

Made up of 3 cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue

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19
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: PENIS

What binds the 3 bodies together?

A

Deep penile fascia (Buck’s fascia)

20
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: PENIS

What are the 3 erectile bodies?

A

2 corpora cavernosa (continuations of the crura); lie side by side on the dorsum of the penis
1 corpus spongiosum (continuation of the bulb of the penis); lies ventral to the 2 corpora cavernosa and is transversed by the penile urethra

21
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: PENIS

Glans penis: what is it an extension of? Characterized by what 2 things?

A

Extension of the distal end of the corpus spongiosum
Characterized by:
Corona and external urethral orifice

22
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: PENIS

Skin and subcutaneous tissue of the penis:
Blood supply and venous drainage

A

Blood supply: external pudendal artery

Venous drainage: superficial dorsal veins → external pudendal veins

23
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

When are they active?

A

During sexual arousal

24
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

What do they secrete and where do their ducts open?

A

Secrete mucus; ducts open into the proximal part of the spongy urethra

25
Q

MALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE: BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

Where are they located?

A

On either side of the urethra below the prostate surrounded by the urethral sphincter

26
Q

ERECTION

Describe the changes seen in the arteries and muscles during erections?

A
  1. Normally constricted helicine arteries relax under parasympathetic innervation → cavernous spaces dilate and become engorged
  2. Pudendal nerve innervates contractions of the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles to impede venous outflow and maintain the erection
27
Q

ERECTION

Describe the path of the urethra starting from the prostate

A

Traverses the prostate (prostatic urethra) and urogenital diaphragm (membranous urethra), pierces the dorsal surface (top) of the bulb of penis and courses within the corpus spongiosum (spongy urethra)

28
Q

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE

What is the mons pubis?

A

Fatty tissue that’s continuous with the superficial fatty layer of the abdominal wall; lies anterior to the pubic symphysis and is continuous with the labia majora

29
Q

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE

What is the labia majora?

A

Bilateral folds of fatty tissue; dark skin covered with hair; the inner surface is smooth and hairless

30
Q

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE

What is the labia minora?

A

Bilateral folds of hairless skin; flank the vestibule of the vagina → merge towards the anterior end of the clitoris

31
Q

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE

What is the vestibule of the vagina? What does it contain?

A

Space surrounded by 2 labia minora

Contains urethral and vaginal orifices and the openings of the ducts of the greater and lesser vestibular glands

32
Q

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE

What are vestibular bulbs?

A

Paired masses of erectile tissue that lie deep to the labia minora and are covered by the bulbospongiosus muscles

  • Homologous to the bulb of the penis
  • DO NOT form part of the clitoris
33
Q

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE

Function of the greater vestibular glands

A

Lubricate the vestibule during sexual arousal

34
Q

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE

What does it mean by cavernous tissue?

A

Highly vascularized; gets engorged during arousal

35
Q

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE

What 2 muscles cover erectile tissue?

A

Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

36
Q

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE

Where is the clitoris located?
Made up of how many erectile bodies?

A

At the anterior junction of the labia minora

2

37
Q

FEMALE UROGENITAL TRIANGLE

What make up the erectile bodies?

A

Paired corpora cavernosa that make up the crura → join to form the body of the clitoris

38
Q

ANAL TRIANGLE

What is the ischioanal fossa?
What are its superior and inferior boundaries?
Lateral and medial boundaries?

A

Fat-filled space that surrounds the anal canal

  • Superior: pelvic diaphragm
  • Inferior: anal region
  • Lateral: obturator internus
  • Medial: pelvic diaphragm and external anal sphincter
39
Q

ANAL TRIANGLE

Where does it extend anteriorly?

A

Anteriorly into the urogenital triangle superior to the perineal membrane

40
Q

ANAL TRIANGLE

How is the pudendal canal formed?

A

Splitting of the fascia of the obturator internus on the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa

41
Q

ANAL TRIANGLE

Pudendal bundle exits what foramen before entering the pudendal canal?

A

Lesser sciatic foramen

42
Q

ANAL TRIANGLE

What bundle traverses the fossa?

A

Inferior rectal

43
Q

ANAL TRIANGLE

Purpose/function of this fossa

A

Support the anal canal while also allowing it to enlarge during defecation

44
Q

ANAL TRIANGLE

The inner surface of the anal canal is characterized by what 3 things?

A

Anal columns, anal valves, anal sinuses

45
Q

ANAL TRIANGLE

How is the perineal flexure created? What is its function?

A

Puborectalis (part of levator ani) forms a sling around the anorectal junction, pulling it anteriorly and creating the flexure

  • When the muscle relaxes = defecation
  • Helps to maintain continence
46
Q

ANAL TRIANGLE

What do the muscle fibers of the external anal sphincter merge with: anteriorly, superiorly, posteriorly?

A

Anteriorly: bulbospongiosus and perineal body
Posteriorly: anococcygeal ligament
Superiorly: levator ani

Anatomy (10 decks)

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