Anatomy of Internal heart, posterior mediastinum and posterior thoracic wall Flashcards
Where does the pleural cavity extend to?
2-3 cm above medial clavicle
What are the possible consequences of a penetrating wound to the neck?
pneumo/haemothorax
Define chylothroax
Chyle in the pleural cavity
What is chyle?
Lipid rich lymph fluid
Define empyema
Pus in the pleural cavity
What could cause enlargement of hilarity lymph nodes and what would its effect be?
Infection or carcinoma
It would cause obstruction of a bronchus
what effect would bronchus obstruction have?
Atelectasis: lung collapse which causes absence of GAS EXCHANGE
What is the carina?
cartilage ridge between division/bifurcation of trachea into 2 bronchi
As the Left vagus nerve crosses that aortic arch what branch does is give off?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve run from? GIRAFFE
Begins at thorax and goes all the way up to the larynx
How does the branching of the left and right vagus nerve differ?
The recurrent laryngeal nerve beaches from the right vagus nerve more superiorly
In the thoracic area, does the left vagus nerve pass anteriorly or posteriorly to the hilum?
it passes posterior to the hilum
How does the phrenic nerve pass compared to the hilum?
It passes anterior to hilum
what is pericardial effusion?
Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity
What is cardiac tamponade?
Compression of the heart due to excess fluid and fibrous pericardium
What side does the azygous run on?
RHS
what is the ligamentum arteriosum?
Attaches the aortic arch to the pulmonary trunk
What is the ligamentum arteriosum a remnant of?
Ductus arteriosus found in foetuses
What does the superior vena cava branch into?
Right Braciocephalic vein (Right subclavian vein + Right Internal Jugular vein)
Left Brachiocephalic vein (Left Internal Jugular vein + Left Subclavian vein)
What vein drains into the SVC?
Azygous vein
What does the azygous vein drain?
Posterior intercostal veins
What is the crista terminalis and what does it do?
A smooth muscular ridge in the right atrium. It divides the pectinate muscles and sinus venarum.
Out of the pectinate muscle and sinus venarum, which on is internal and which one is superior? Which one is rough?
The pectinate muscles (ROUGH) are inner and the sinus venarum is the smooth muscle on the outside.
What is the fossa ovalis?
remnant of opening between Left and Right Atrium
Describe the foetal circulation of blood
Oxygenated blood enters through the umbilical vein. Some blood passes into the liver and the rest of it enters the ductus venosus to bypass the liver and enter the Inferior Vena Cava.
In the Right atrium, oxygenated blood passes through the Foramen ovale and enter the left atrium, passing into the left ventricle and aorta.
Deoxygenated blood enters from the Superior Vena Cava and from the lungs. This mixes with the oxygenated blood. As it passes out of the heart via the pulmonary trunk, some of the mixed blood enters the aorta through the ductus arteriosus. The reduces the oxygenation of the blood in the aorta.
what is the natural pacemaker of the heart?
SA node
What are the trabecular carnae?
Muscular ridges in the ventricle walls
What levels are the sympathetic supply to the heart?
T1-T4
Whats is the parasympathetic supply to the heart?
Vagus nerve
Where does the sympathetic chain run?
Lateral to vertebral bodies
