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Anatomy #3- Head, Neck, Teeth > Anatomy of Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Anatomy of Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

PNS division

A

-divided functionally into afferent sensory (impulses toward brain) and efferent motor (impulses away from brain)
- both sensory and motor are then divided into somatic (voluntary functions related to outside world) and visceral (involuntary functions related to internal viscera)

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2
Q

Somatic PNS

A

-voluntary
-both sensory and motor functions related to outside world
-detection of stimuli in skin and tissues and needed for locomotion, behaviour, expressions

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3
Q

Visceral PNS

A

-both sensory and motor functions related to internal viscera
-regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, glands, digestion, etc.
-motor component of visceral PNS= autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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4
Q

Division of afferent or sensory systems

A

1.general sensory
2.Special senses

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5
Q

General sensory

A

-senses of pressure, stretch, temperature, and noxious stimuli from tissues in body and head
-separated in general somatic afferent/sensory (GVA) and general visceral afferent/sensory (GVA)

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6
Q

General somatic afferent/sensory (GSA) receptors

A

-receptors in the skin informing stimuli from outside and in deeper somatic tissues informing movements of muscles and body parts relative to one another

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7
Q

General somatic afferent/sensory (GSA) nerve distribution

A

-found in all spinal nerves
-in cranial nerve V

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8
Q

General visceral afferent/sensory (GVA) receptors

A

-receptors in vessels, glands, and viscera of head and trunk informing stretch and chemical stimuli

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9
Q

General visceral afferent/sensory (GVA) distribution

A

-found in all spinal nerves
-found in cranial nerves III, V, VII, IX, X

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10
Q

Special senses

A
  • Senses only found in head (vision, audition, taste, smell, and balance)
  • Separated into special somatic afferent/sensory (SSA) and special visceral afferent/sensory (SVA)
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11
Q

Special somatic afferent/sensory (SSA)

A

-more restricted origin within certain special sense organs of head: retina of eye, cochlear, vestibular of inner ear

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12
Q

Nerves of special somatic afferent/sensory (SSA)

A

-Cranial nerve II
-cranial nerve VIII

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13
Q

Special visceral afferent/sensory (SVA)

A

-includes special senses of smell and taste

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14
Q

Nerves of special visceral afferent/sensory (SVA)

A

-found in cranial nerve I for smell
-found in cranial nerve VII and IX for taste

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15
Q

Division of efferent or motor system

A

-somatic efferent/motor
-visceral efferent/motor (Autonomic nervous system)

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16
Q

Somatic efferent/motor

A

-supply striated muscles
-in body and limbs and arise from somites
-in head arise from pharyngeal or branchial arches
- found in all spinal nerves and in all cranial nerves except those exclusively sensory nerves (I, II, VIII)

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17
Q

Exclusively sensory cranial nerves

A

I, II, VIII

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18
Q

Visceral efferent/motor (Autonomic nervous system)

A
  • Supply smooth muscle of blood vessels, viscera, heart muscle, and glands
  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic components
  • Many ANS fibers travel to target organs by joining other nerves
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19
Q

Sympathetic and parasympathetic fiber locations

A

-sympathetic fibers leave spinal nerves in thoracolumbar regions of spinal cord
-parasympathetic fibers found in a small group of cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and in spinal nerves in sacral region of spinal cord

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20
Q

Cranial nerves

A

-12 paris of cranial nerves
-numbered rostrocaudally

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21
Q

Where do cranial nerves originate from?

A

-originate from different regions of encephalon
>cerebrum I
>diencephalon II
> mesencephalon III, IV
>pons V
>medulla oblongata VI through to XII

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22
Q

Cranial Nerve Names

A

1.Olfactory
2.optic
3.oculomotor
4.trochlear
5.trigeminal
6.abducent
7.facial
8. vestibulocochlear
9.glossopharyngeal
10. vagus
11.spinal accessory
12.hypoglossal

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23
Q

Spinal nerves

A

-dorsal root only contains sensory fibers and ventral root only contains motor
-dorsal and ventral roots combine to form a single mixed spinal nerve

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24
Q

Cranial nerves

A

-dorsal root equivalents also contain some motor fibers
-dorsal and ventral root equivalents remain as separate cranial nerves

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25
Q

Divisions of cranial nerves

A

-nerves of special senses
-ventral root equivalents
-dorsal root equivalents

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26
Q

Nerves of special senses (cranial nerves)

A

-exclusively concerned with special senses
-cranial nerve I, II, VIII

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27
Q

Ventral root equivalents

A

-homologous with ventral spinal roots
-consist almost entirely of motor fibers
-supply striated head muscles of somatic origin
-move eye or tongue
-III, IV, VI, XII

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28
Q

Dorsal root equivalents

A

-homologous with dorsal spinal roots
-consist primarily of mixed fibers
-supply structures of pharyngeal arch origin
-V, VII, IX, X, XI

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29
Q

Olfactory nerve function

A

-special sense of smell

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30
Q

Olfactory nerve (I)

A

-multiple tracts
-nerves covered by meninges
-pass through olfactory foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid
-also includes vomeronasal nerves (transmit sense of pheromones)

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31
Q

Optic Nerve (II) function

A

-special sense of vision

32
Q

Optic nerve (II)

A

-nerve covered by meninges
-very large
-flexuous course through orbit to reach eye

33
Q

What artery travels with optic nerve?

A

-internal ophthalmic artery travels with optic nerve

34
Q

Oculomotor nerve (III)

A

-orbital fissure in dogs and horses/ orbitorotundum foramen in ruminants and pigs
-ventral root equivalent

35
Q

Oculomotor nerve motor to:

A

-dorsal, ventral, medial recti
-ventral oblique
-levator of upper eyelid
-parts of retractor bulbi

36
Q

Oculomotor nerve acts as Autonomic nervous system to:

A

-ciliary body to regulate lens
-iris to constrict pupil

37
Q

Fissure of trochlear nerve (IV)

A

-orbital fissure in dogs and horses
-orbitorotundum foramen in ruminants and pigs

38
Q

Trochlear nerve (IV)

A

-ventral root equivalent
-smallest cranial nerve
-motor to:
1.dorsal oblique

39
Q

Trigeminal nerve (V) holes

A

-comes through orbital fissure (V1), round foramen (V2), and oval foramen (V3)
-technically comes out of round foramen but can only see it coming from rostral alar foramen

40
Q

Trigeminal nerve (V)

A

-dorsal root equivalent
-largest cranial nerve
-3 main divisions

41
Q

3 main divisions of trigeminal nerve (V)

A

1.opthalmic (V1)
2. Maxillary (V2)
3.Mandibular (V3)

42
Q

Function of trigeminal nerve (V)

A

-V1 and V2 are sensory, V3 is mixed
-main sensory of head, including the rostral 2/3rd of tongue, and the sinuses
-motor to masticatory muscles

43
Q

Masticatory muscles

A

-masseter
-temporalis
-pterygoids
-rostral belly of digastricus

44
Q

Sensory of Ophthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve

A

-sensory to skin of forehead and most of the nasal cavity

45
Q

Branches of ophthalmic nerve

A

-lacrimal nerve
-frontal nerve
-nasociliary nerve

46
Q

Lacrimal nerve

A

-to the lacrimal glands and other deeper orbital structures, skin lateral to eye

47
Q

Frontal nerve

A

-to the skin of upper eyelid, forehead, mucosa of frontal sinus, and provides alternative innervation of horns

48
Q

Nasociliary nerve branches

A

-branches to long ciliary nerve, infratrochlear nerve, and ethmoidal nerve

49
Q

Long ciliary nerve

A

-branches to cornea

50
Q

Infratrochlear nerve

A

-to the medial angle of the eye, part of frontal sinus

51
Q

Ethmoidal nerve

A

-re enters cranial cavity (via ethmoidal foramen), goes to nasal cavity (via cribiform plate) to medial and lateral walls of nasal cavity

52
Q

Sensory of maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

A

-sensory to skin of muzzle, face, mucosa of oral cavity, parts of nasal cavity and upper teeth

53
Q

Branches of the maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve

A

-zygomatic nerve
-palatine nerve
-caudal nasal nerve
-cranial nasal nerve
-maxillary alveolar nerve
-infraorbital nerve

54
Q

Zygomatic nerve

A

-to lower eyelid and adjacent skin
-gives rise to other branches including cornual nerve which is the main nerve for horns in cattle

55
Q

Palatine nerve

A

-consisting of lesser palatine nerve to soft palate and greater palatine nerve to hard palate, and the floor of nasal cavity

56
Q

Caudal nasal nerve

A

-via pterygopalatine foramen
- to the ventral nasal cavity and maxillary sinus

57
Q

Cranial nasal nerve

A

-to ventral part of nasal cavity

58
Q

Maxillary alveolar nerve

A

-to all teeth of upper jaw

59
Q

Infraorbital nerve

A

-into maxillary foramen and out of infraorbital foramen
-Towards the muzzle

60
Q

Sensory of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

A

-sensory to parts of face and motor to muscles of mastication

61
Q

Sensory branches of the mandibular nerve (of trigeminal nerve)

A

-buccinator nerve
-mandibular alveolar nerve
-mental nerve
-lingual nerve
-auriculotemporal nerve

62
Q

Buccinator nerve

A

-also called buccal nerve
-sensory to buccal mucosa and facial skin

63
Q

Mandibular alveolar nerve

A

-innervates lower teeth

64
Q

Mental nerve

A

-is terminal part of mandibular alveolar nerve exiting mental foramen, to the chin and lower face skin

65
Q

Lingual nerve

A

-relays general sensation (not taste) of rostral 2/3rds of tongue

66
Q

Auriculotemporal nerve

A

-innervates the ear and temporal region, and areas extending to corner of mouth

67
Q

Motor regions of the mandibular branch of trigeminal

A

-goes to masseter, temporal, pterygoid muscles, cranial belly of digastricus and other branches of the mylohyoideus

68
Q

Nerve blocks of trigeminal in horse

A

1.target infraorbital nerve (
2. target inferior alveolar nerve
3. target mental nerve

69
Q

Abducent nerve (VI)

A

-ventral root equivalent
-motor to lateral rectus, and retractor bulbi

70
Q

Facial nerve (VII)

A

-dorsal root equivalent
-motor to muscles of facial expression
-sensory from skin inside ear
-taste from palate and rostral 2/3rd of tongue

71
Q

Facial nerve and Autonomic nervous system

A

-facial nerve linked to lacrimal glands, and sublingual and mandibular salivary glands

72
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

A

-special senses of hearing and balance
-entirely within bones of the skull

73
Q

Cranial nerves IX, X, XI

A

-pass through jugular foramen
> but visible external opening in dog is tympano-occipital fissure
> jugular foramen is continuous with the foramen lacernum in horse and pig

74
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)- sensory, motor, ANS?

A

-dorsal root equivalent
-Sensory from primary nerve for sensation from pharynx, and caudal 1/3rd of tongue
-Taste from caudal 1/3rd of tongue
-Motor to stylopharyngeus
-Autonomic nervous system to parotid and buccal salivary glands, and carotid sinus and body

75
Q

Vagus nerve (X)- sensory, motor, ANS?

A

-dorsal root equivalent
-sensory from pharynx, larynx, parts of external ear, most viscera
-motor to pharyngeal muscles, laryngeal muscles
-Autonomic nervous system to most viscera

76
Q

Accessory nerve (XI)

A

-dorsal root equivalent
-motor to brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, trapezius, sternocephalicus

77
Q

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

A

-comes through hypoglossal canal
- ventral root equivalent
-motor to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Anatomy #3- Head, Neck, Teeth (8 decks)

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