Anatomy of back

Question 0

what is scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis

Answer 0

scoliosis - back goes to the side

kyphoscoliosis - hump

Question 1

What are the numbers of different vertebra in the back

Answer 1

• 7 Cervical
• 12 Thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral
• 2-4 coccyx

Question 2

what is spondylolysis

Answer 2

pars articularis fracture

Question 3

what is spondylolisthesis

Answer 3

fracture of pars articularis + disc prolapse

Question 4

explain the venous drainage of the vertebrae

Answer 4

veins of vertebral bodies –> internal vertebral venous plexus -> external vertebral venous plexus

Question 5

where are the primary centres of ossification

Answer 5

• centre of the vertebral body

- 1 x neural arch

Question 6

where are the secondary ossification centres

Answer 6

• epiphyseal ring
• spinous process tip
• transverse process tips

Question 7

what are the 2 parts of the intravertebral disc

Answer 7

• nucleus pulposus

- annulus fibrosis

Question 8

what are the 6 ligaments of the vertebral column

Answer 8

• posterior longitudinal ligament
• anterior longitudinal ligament
• ligamentum flavum
• supraspinous ligament
• intertransverse ligaments
• interspinous ligaments

Question 9

what is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 9

provides protection to the ?lateral part of the IV disc

Question 10

what is the function of ligamentum flavum

Answer 10

stretches during flexion and then recoils to original length during extension

Question 11

explain the nerve and blood supply to the IV disc

Answer 11

only to the outer 1/3 of the annulus fibrosis

Question 12

the movement of the back is influenced by…

Answer 12

• the thickness of the IV disc

- the orientation of the articular facets

Question 13

explain the major movement of the thoracic vertebra

Answer 13

rotation in the coronal plane

Question 14

explain the major movement of lumbar vertebra

Answer 14

flexion in the sagittal plane

Question 15

explain the major movement of the sacral vertebra

Answer 15

limits movement in the sagittal plane

Question 16

what is a disc prolapse

Answer 16

penetration of nucleus pulposus into the annulus

posterior longitudinal ligament tends to direct laterally

Question 17

what are the superficial muscles of the back

Answer 17

• trapezius
• latissimus dorsi
• rhomboids
• levator scapulae

Question 18

explain nervous innervation of the superficial back muscles

Answer 18

• anterior rami

Question 19

what are the deep muscles of the back

Answer 19

• erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)

- transversospinalis

Question 20

explain the electrical flexion of erector spinae

Answer 20

• eccentrically control flexion
• concentrically return flexed trunk to extended position
• quiet during full flexion

Question 21

posterior rami innervate…

Answer 21

• facet joints
• deep back muscles
• skin overlying

Question 22

where is the suprspinous ligament

Answer 22

connects the most posterior part of the vertebral spinous processes to each other vertically

Question 23

where is the intertransverse ligament

Answer 23

connects the transverse processes of each vertebra to each other vertically

Question 24

where is the posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 24

lies along the posterior margin of the vertebral bodies (posteriorly)

Question 25

where is the anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 25

lies along the anterior margin of the vertebral bodies (anteriorly)

Question 26

where is the interspinous ligaments

Answer 26

lies between the spinous processes vertically (but not at the very tip - supraspinous ligament)

Question 27

where is the ligamentum flavum

Answer 27

connects the lamina of the vertebral bodies