Anatomy - MSK Flashcards
Bones of axial skeleton
Bones of skull, neck, trunk
Bones of appendicular skeleton
Bones of pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
Bones of hand
Carpal bones (wrist), metacarpals (palm), phalanges (fingers)
What is bone made of?
Hard, connective tissue
Functions of bones
Support and protection of organs
Calcium metabolism
RBC formation
Attachment for skeletal muscles
Where is cartilage located?
Where mobility is required e.g. at articulations (joints)
Why do skeletal muscles contract?
To move the bones
Where are skeletal muscles located?
Underneath the deep fascia
What are skeletal muscles covered with?
Tough fibrous connective tissue
Layers of the skin
Epidermis Dermis Fascia Superficial fascia Deep fascia Skeletal muscle
Examples of synovial joints
Hip, shoulder, elbow, knees
Examples of cartilagenous joints
Intervertebral discs
Examples of fibrous joints
Suture joints
How do long bones form?
Endochondral ossification
Small hyaline cartilage ossifies (turns into bone)
State the order of bone contents
Epiphysis
Epiphyseal growth plate
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Compare outer and inner cortex of bone
Outer: dense, strong, heavy, compact, cortical bone
Inner: pores, weaker, lighter, spongy, trabecular/cancellos
What supplies the compact bone?
Periosteum
What supplies both the compact and spongy bone?
Nutrient vessels
What are fontanelles
Wide sutures in the neonatal skull
Allows for growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to slide over each other
Makes baby’s head smaller during delivery (molding)
What is the articular surface of synovial joint covered with?
What is wrapped around the joint?
Hyaline cartilage
A capsule
What is synovial joint supported by?
Ligaments
How is synovial joint associated with bursae?
Prevents friction
What unites synovial joints
Joint articular capsule composed of an outer fibrous layer lined by a serous synovial membrane
What unites fibrous joints
Fibrous tissue
What unites cartilaginous joints
Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Example of a hinge joint
Elbow, knee
Example of a ball and socket joint
Hip
Shoulder
Example of a saddle joint
Trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of your thumb
Function of skeletal muscle
Move the origin and insertion closer together during contraction
During contraction, muscle fibres shorten along the long axis between the origin & insertion
Define paralysis
A muscle without a functioning motor nerve
Define spasticity
The muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve. It is the descending controls from the brain are not working
Tone in paralysis
Reduced tone/resistance to stretch. I.e feels floppy
Tone in spasticity
Increased tone over contraction. I.e tight
muscle
Define atrophy. Give an example
Wasting of the muscles. Muscle fibres (myocytes) become smaller, reducing the muscle’s bulk
Develops as a result of inactivity:
Immobilisation after fracture
Damage to motor nerve supply
Couch potato
Define hypertrophy.
Skeletal muscles enlarge
Each individual myocyte enlarges
Longer muscle fibres
Greater potential range of shortening
Greater potential range of movement produced at joint
Give an example of circular muscle
Surrounds a body opening: Orbicularis oculi
Give an example of pennate muscle
Feather like: Deltoid
Give an example of fusiform muscle
Thick belly with tapered ends: Biceps brachii
Give an example of a flat muscle with aponeurosis
Parallel fibers with a flat broad tendon: External oblique
Give an example of a quadrate muscle
4 equal sides: Rectus abdominus
