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Anatomy Tri 1 > Anatomy Midterm 2 - Vertebral Column > Flashcards

Anatomy Midterm 2 - Vertebral Column Flashcards

1
Q

Where do about 95% disc herniation occur?

A

lumbosacral region due to the great forces placed on them

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2
Q

What are the types of curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Primary (kyphosis) - Thoracic and sacral

Secondary (lordosis) - Cervical and lumbar

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3
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

lateral displacement of vertebral column

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4
Q

Where are IVD found?

A

Present between vertebral bodies of C2 to sacrum

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5
Q

Where is the IVD thickest?

A

Thicker anteriorly; Thicker in cervical and lumbar regions;

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6
Q

What’s unique about IVD in the thoracic region?

A

Nearly flat and discs are thinnest in upper thoracic

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7
Q

What is the hyaline cartilage called in the IVD?

A

vertebral end plate

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8
Q

What are the 3 regions of the IVD?

A

1) Narrow outer collagenous zone
2) Wider, inner fibrocartilaginous zone
3) Annulus fibrosis (consists of a number of laminae)

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9
Q

What imparts great torsional strength on disk?

A

Oblique arrangement of fibers

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10
Q

What way do the outer laminae bulge?

A

Externally

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11
Q

What way do the inner laminae bulge?

A

Internally toward the nucleus pulposus

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12
Q

What are the functions of Annulus fibrosis?

A

Enclose and retain nucleus pulposus
Absorb compressive shock
From structural unit between vertebral bodies
Allows restricted motion

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13
Q

What are the functions of the inner nucleus pulposes?

A

40% of the bulk of the disk
Contains remains of notochord
Better developed in cervical and lumbar regions
Lies more posteriorly
Decreases in size with age
Allows movement between vertebral segments

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14
Q

What are the notochordal cells replaced with during the first decade of life?

A

fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What ligaments are attached to the IVD?

A

ALL and PLL

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16
Q

Are IVD avascular?

A

Yes, except for the periphery

17
Q

What is a herniated disc?

A

Occur when the nucleus is extruded through a defect in the annulus.

18
Q

Where is a herniation likely to occur on the vertebral body? Why?

A

Posterolateral, because annulus is thinnest posteriorly and the PLL reinforces the annulus directly posteriorly

19
Q

What innervates IVD?

A

Posteriorly - recurrent meningeal nerve

Posterolaterally - ventral rami and gray rami communicantes

Anteriolaterally - gray rami communicantes and branches of sympathetic trunk

20
Q

What are the features of ALL?

A

Syndesmosis
Narrow cranially and broader caudally
Between C0-C1 anterior atlantooccipital membrane
Between C1-C2 anterior atlantoaxial membrane

21
Q

What are the features of the PLL?

A

Syndesmosis
C2-Sacrum
Broader in upper cervical and thoracic
Above C2 becomes Tectorial Membrane

22
Q

What are the features of zygapophyseal joints?

A

Plane synovial Joints
May contain fat pads or fibroadipose in lumbar region
Innervated by: medial branches of dorsal rami

23
Q

What are the Intervertebral (segmental) syndesmoses?

A 
Ligamenta flava (segmental syndesmosis)
Interspinous ligaments (segmental syndesmoses)
24
Q

What are the continuous (nonsegmental) syndesmoses?

A

Ligamentum nuchae

25
Q

What innervates the intervertebral joints?

A

Innervated by adjoining spinal nerve

26
Q

What are craniovertebral joints?

A

Atlantoaxial joints

  • Lateral AA joint
  • Median AA joint (trochoid joint) - cruciate ligament
27
Q

What are the 5 principal movements of the vertebral column?

A

Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation, circumduction

28
Q

Degrees of Flexion/Extension

A

Cervical - 15 degrees
Thoracic - 4 degrees in upper; 12 degrees in lower
Lumbar - 15 degrees; 75% of all flexion/extension in vertebral column

29
Q

Events that occur during flexion

A 
ALL relaxed
Disks compress anteriorly
Laminae and spinous process spread apart
Dorsal ligaments tensed
Extensor (erector spinae) muscles resist flexion
30
Q

Events that occur during Extension

A

ALL & anterior fibers of annulus fibrosis tense
Disks compress posteriorly
Spinous processes & zygapophyseal approximated
Greatest extension in lumbar region

31
Q

Degrees of lateral flexion

A

Cervical - 10 degrees
Thoracic - 6 degrees
Lumbar - 6 degrees

32
Q

Degrees of rotation

A

Cervical - moderate (C1&C2 80 degrees to one side)
Thoracic - greatest
Lumbar - least

33
Q

What are the majority of vertebrates?

A

90% are fish

Anatomy Tri 1 (4 decks)

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