Anatomy (M1) Flashcards
1
Q
The bones of the thoracic cavity: Sternum
A
- Head AKA Manubrium: at the top, it has the suprasternal notch at T2, at the bottom it has the sternal angle at T4.
- Body
- Tail AKA Xiphoid Process: ends at T9/T10.
2
Q
Features of ribs
A
- Ribs are attached to the sternum by costal cartilage.
- The have an external and internal surface.
- On the internal surface they have a costal groove: this is normally where a vein, artery and nerve run.
- The head of the rib connects to the vertebrae of the spinal column. The head has two articular facets. One attaches to the demi facets of the numerically corresponding vertebra and the other with the vertebra above. This is a costavertebral joint.
- The tubercle which is on the neck of the rib, attaches to the facet on thr transverse process of the vertebra. This is a costotransverse joint.
3
Q
Typical vertebrae
A
- The spinal column is made of vertebral bodies stacked on top of each other, with intercalated discs.
- Spinous process face downwards: so you can’t bend backwards too much.
- Transverse process stick out sideways.
- Neural arch refers to everything apart from the vertebral body.
- Vertebral Foramen the hole in the vertebral body.
- Pedicle: the arch between the vertebral body and the transverse process.
- Lamina: the arch between the transverse process and the spinous process.
- Superior/ Inferior Articular Process: attach to vertebra above and below.
4
Q
How is the upper and lower respiratory system divided?
A
- By the sternal angle = T4
- Above T4 = upper respiartory tract (the trachea, oral and nasal cavity).
- Below T4 = trachea bifurcates into bronchi and alveoli.
5
Q
Pleura
A
- Pretend the lungs grew into a baloon.
- If your pushed your fist completely into a semi-inflated balloon, then the part of the baloon in contact with your hand is the visceral pleura.
- The inside of the baloon is the pleural cavity, and contains pleural fluid.
- The outside of the baloon is the parietal pleura.
- The pleura are made of mesothelium cells.
- You have more parietal pleural than the lungs actually fill, unless you brathe in really forcefully. This is a costodiaphragmatic recess, and is a potentiall space for fluid to collect in injury, in the ribs 8-10.
6
Q
Describe the conducting and respiratory airways
A
- Sections of the respiratory tract which do not participate in gas exchange.
- Trachea
- Right and Left Bronchus
- Lobar Bronchi (for each lobe)
- Segmental Bronchi (parts of each lobe)
- Segmental bronchi divide 13 times until get Terminal Bronchioles.
Then in the respiratory conducting system, things keep divising and we give them fancy names:
- Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveolar Ducts
- Alveolar Sacs
- Alveoli
7
Q
The bones of the thoracic cavity:
Superior Thoracic Aperture
A
The superior thoracic aperture simply refers to the circle formed by the bones, at the top of the thoracic cavity. It is a circle made by the sternum, the 1st ribs and spinal vertebra.
8
Q
The bones of the thoracic cavity: Ribs
A
- You have 12 pairs of ribs
- The first 7 are true ribs: they have their own individual costal catilage connecting them to the sternum.
- Ribs 8, 9 and 10 are false, because they share the same costal catrilage connecting them to the sternum.
- Ribs 11 and 12 are free floating. This means they are not connected to the sternum.
9
Q
Describe the trachea
A
- Bifurcates at T4.
- Made of c-shaped rings of cartilage.
10
Q
How many lobes does each lung have?
A
- Right lung has three lobes.
- Left lung has two.
- Lobes are made when the visceral membrane is doubled and seperates them by invaginating them.
- The lobe fissures can be seen on the anterior side of the lungs.
- The left lung only has the oblique fissure, which slices the lungs from the middle of the back of the lungs, to the corner of the front of the lungs.
- The right lung also has a horizontal fissure in the middle.
11
Q
What does the hilum of the lungs allow in and out?
A
- Bronchi in
- Pulmonary artery in
- Pulmonary vein out
12
Q
What surface markings do each lung have on their posterior side?
A
Left Lung:
- Cardiac Impression
- Aortic Impression
- Lingula
Right lung:
- Cardiac Impression
- Azygos Vein
13
Q
The clinical relevance of pleura
A
- Pneumothorax: more air in pleural cavity- collapsed lung.
- Pleural Effusion: fluid in cavity
- Haemothorax: blood in cavity
- Chylothorax: lymph in cavity
14
Q
Describe the cell types in the last part of the conducting airways
A
- We have bronchioles and then terminal bronchioles at the end of the conducting airways.
- Bronchioles are made of pseudostratified, simple columnar epithelium.
- Terminal bronchioles are made of low columnar ciliated epithelia, and have less goblet cells.
15
Q
What does lamina propria do?
A
A capillary in the conducting portion that warms air.
18
Q
Describe the histology of the bronchus
A
- The lumen of the bronchus is folded (not a perfect circle) and is made of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
- The mucosa is seen as white blobs and contains goblet cells to secrete mucas.
- Smooth muscle looks smooth.
- Cartilage plate is darker than smooth muscle, and has little blobs in it.
- There are serous glands too.
- As branching continues through the bronchial tree, the cartilage decreases, and the amount of smooth muscle increases.
