anatomy lower limb Flashcards by Iona Butler

Which muscle make up the hamstrings

Biceps femoris, Semitendinosis, Semimembrinosis

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What is the origin, insertion, action and innervation of biceps femoris

2 Heads
O: Long head ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous ligament
Short head linea aspera of femur, lateral supracondylar line of femur
I: had of fibula (lateral aspect)
A: Hip extension, hip external rotation, knee flexion, external rotation, pelvis stabiliser
N:Long head = tibiral division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
Short head = common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)

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What is the origin, insertion, action and innervation of semitendinosus

O: ischial tuberosity
I: proximal end of tibia below medial condyle
A: Hip extension, internal rotation, pelvic stabilisation, knee flexion, knee internal rotation
N: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)

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What are key bony landmarks in the hips?

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Head of femur
Acetabulum
Trochanters
Adductor tubercle

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What is the adductor tubercle?

Where adductor magnus attaches

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What are the key differences between the male and female pelvis?

higher iliac crest in men / more pronounced
pelvic inlet more heart shaped in men, circular in women
angle of pubic rami more tight in men, less angular in women

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What aspects of connective tissue can be found around the hips?

Synovial membrane (intracapsular)
Joint capsule (intracapsular)
Ligaments named after connecting ligaments
Inguinal ligament
Bursors

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What ligaments are around the hip?

iliofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament
Inguinal ligament

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What are the hip abductors?

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Tensor Fasciae Latae

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What are the hip adductors?

Adductor magnus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Pectineus
Gracilis

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What are the hip flexors?

Iliacus
Psoas major
Pectineus
Rectus femoris
Sartorius

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What are the hip extensors?

Long head of biceps femoris
Semitendinosis
Semimembranosis
Gluteus maximus

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What are the internal rotators of the hip?

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae

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What are the external rotators of the hip?

obturator internus
obturator externus
superior gemellus
inferior gemellus
quadratus femoris
piriformis muscle
gluteus maximus

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What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of gluteus minimus

A: Hip abductor, internal rotation
O: gluteal surface ileum
I: greater tuberosity
N: superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of gluteus medius

A: Hip abductor, hip internal rotation
O: gluteal surface ileum
I: greater trochanter
N: superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of gluteus maximus

A: hip abduction, hip extension, hip external rotation
O: lateroposterior surface of sacrum and coccyx, gluteal surface ileum
I: iliotibial tract, down to tibia
N: Inferior gluteal nerve, L5-S2

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What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of tensor fasciae latae

A: hip abduction, internal rotator
O: attaches onto iliotibial band
N: superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of adductor magnus?

A: hip adduction
O: inferior pubic rami to linear aspera
I: medial supracondylar ridge, adductor tubercle
N: obturator nerve L2-L4

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What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of adductor brevis

A: hip adduction
O: Pubis
I: linear aspera
N: obturator nerve L2-L4

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What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of adductor longus

A: hip adduction
O: body of pubis
I: linear aspera
N: obturator nerve L2-L4

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What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of pectineus muscle

A: hip adduction, hip flexion
O: Superior rami of the pubis
I: pectineal line
N: femoral nerve L2-L3

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What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of gracilis muscle

A: hip adductor
O: pubis
I: medial proximal tibia
N: obturator nerve L2-L3

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What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of iliacus

A; hip flexor, trunk flexion
O: Medial iliac creast
I: tendon lesser trochanter
N: femoral nerve L1-L3

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of psoas major

A: Hip flexor O: vertebral borders T12-L5 I: tendon on lesser trochanter N: anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of rectus femoris

A: hip flexion, knee extension O: ASIS I: tendon patella and tibial tuberosity N: femoral nerve L2-L4

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of sartorius

A: hip flexor, allows cross legged action, knee flexor O: ASIS I: Proximal tibia under medial condyle N: Femoral nerve L2-L3

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of long head of biceps femoris

A: hip extensor, hip external rotation, knee flexion O: long head ischial tuberosity, short head linea aspera I: head of fibula N: L5-S2

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of semitendinosis?

A: Hip extensor, knee flexor, internal rotator O: Ischial tuberosity I: proximal tibia below medial condyle N: Sciatic nerve L5-S2

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of semimembranosus

A: hip extensor, internal rotator, knee flexor O: Ischial tuberosity I: medial condyle tibia N: tibial division sciatic nerve

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of obturator internus

A: hip external rotator O: obturator membrane (posterior surface) I: greater trochanter N: L5 - S1

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of obturator externus

A: hip external rotator O: anterior surface obturator membrane I: greater trochanter N: L3-L4

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of superior and inferiorgemellus

A: hip external rotation O: Ischial tuberosity I: greater trochanter N: L5-S1

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of quadratus femoris

A: hip external rotation, O: ischial tuberosity I: intertrochanteric crest femur N: L4-S1

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of piriformis

A: hip external rotation, thigh abduction in flexed hip O: anterior sacrum I: greater trochanter N: S1-S2

What are key connective tissue elements in the knee?

Meniscus Collateral ligaments Cruciate ligaments Hyaline cartilage around the tibial articular surfaces

What are the menisci?

Semilunar fibrocartilage discs

What is the purpose of the menisci?

Increase congruence between articular surfaces Assist with weight bearing across joint Shock absorption Facilitation of movement

What are the ligaments of the knee?

Medial collateral ligament Lateral collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Posterior cruciate ligament

What are features of the MCL and LCL?

extracapsular strong cord MCL helps to prevent valgus displacement of knee whereas LCL helps prevent varus

What are features of the ACL?

Starts anterior of the tibia Intracapsular From intercondylar area to lateral femoral condyle Sort of splits into 2 branches prevents anterior tibial displacement

What are features of the PCL?

Intracapsular posterior inter condylar area of tibia to medial femoral condyle has two handles prevents posterior displacement

What kind of joint is the patellofemoral joint?

Synovial saddle joint

What is the function of the patella?

Acts as an anatomic pulley Reduces friction between quadriceps tendon and femoral condyles

What is the movement of the patella in flexion and extension?

Patella moves down with flexion Patella moves up with extension

How many bursa are around the knee joint?

13-15 fluid filled sacs to reduce friction

What is the closed-paced position of the knee

Extension for knee No rotation occurs in this position

Which muscles flex the knee?

Medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Gracilis Sartorius Popliteus

What are the knee extensors?

Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Tensor fasciae latae

Which muscles create lateral knee rotation?

Popliteus Biceps femoris

Which muscles create medial rotation at the knee?

Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Sartorius Gracilis

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of gastrocnemius?

A: knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion O: Lateral head: lateral femoral condyle medial head: medial femoral condyle I: posterior surface onto calcaneal tendon (achilles) N: tibial nerve S1-S2

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of popliteus?

A: knee flexor, stabiliser and unlocks knee O: lateral condyle femur I: posterior surface proximal tibia N: L4-S1

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of vastus lateralis?

A: knee extensor O: intertrochanteric line, greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity I: tibial tuberosity, patella N: L2-L4 femoral nerve

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of vastus medialis?

A: knee extensor O: intertrochanteric line, linea aspera I: tibial tuberosity, patella N: L2-L4 femoral nerve

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of vastus intermedius?

A: knee extensor O: anterior surface femoral shaft I: tibial tuberosity, petallar ligament N: L2-L4 femoral nerve

what muscles are in the anterior compartment of the ankle?

Extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus tibialis anterior fibularis tertius / perioneus tertius

Which muscles are in the posterior compartment of the ankle?

tibialis posterior flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus popliteus soleus gastrocnemius