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anatomy lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

Which muscle make up the hamstrings

A

Biceps femoris, Semitendinosis, Semimembrinosis

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2
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action and innervation of biceps femoris

A

2 Heads
O: Long head ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous ligament
Short head linea aspera of femur, lateral supracondylar line of femur
I: had of fibula (lateral aspect)
A: Hip extension, hip external rotation, knee flexion, external rotation, pelvis stabiliser
N:Long head = tibiral division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)
Short head = common fibular division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)

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3
Q

What is the origin, insertion, action and innervation of semitendinosus

A

O: ischial tuberosity
I: proximal end of tibia below medial condyle
A: Hip extension, internal rotation, pelvic stabilisation, knee flexion, knee internal rotation
N: Tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5-S2)

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4
Q

What are key bony landmarks in the hips?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Head of femur
Acetabulum
Trochanters
Adductor tubercle

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5
Q

What is the adductor tubercle?

A

Where adductor magnus attaches

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6
Q

What are the key differences between the male and female pelvis?

A

higher iliac crest in men / more pronounced
pelvic inlet more heart shaped in men, circular in women
angle of pubic rami more tight in men, less angular in women

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7
Q

What aspects of connective tissue can be found around the hips?

A

Synovial membrane (intracapsular)
Joint capsule (intracapsular)
Ligaments named after connecting ligaments
Inguinal ligament
Bursors

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8
Q

What ligaments are around the hip?

A

iliofemoral ligament, ischiofemoral ligament, pubofemoral ligament
Inguinal ligament

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9
Q

What are the hip abductors?

A

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus maximus
Tensor Fasciae Latae

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10
Q

What are the hip adductors?

A

Adductor magnus
Adductor brevis
Adductor longus
Pectineus
Gracilis

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11
Q

What are the hip flexors?

A

Iliacus
Psoas major
Pectineus
Rectus femoris
Sartorius

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12
Q

What are the hip extensors?

A

Long head of biceps femoris
Semitendinosis
Semimembranosis
Gluteus maximus

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13
Q

What are the internal rotators of the hip?

A

Gluteus minimus
Gluteus medius
Tensor fasciae latae

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14
Q

What are the external rotators of the hip?

A

obturator internus
obturator externus
superior gemellus
inferior gemellus
quadratus femoris
piriformis muscle
gluteus maximus

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15
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of gluteus minimus

A

A: Hip abductor, internal rotation
O: gluteal surface ileum
I: greater tuberosity
N: superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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16
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of gluteus medius

A

A: Hip abductor, hip internal rotation
O: gluteal surface ileum
I: greater trochanter
N: superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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17
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of gluteus maximus

A

A: hip abduction, hip extension, hip external rotation
O: lateroposterior surface of sacrum and coccyx, gluteal surface ileum
I: iliotibial tract, down to tibia
N: Inferior gluteal nerve, L5-S2

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18
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of tensor fasciae latae

A

A: hip abduction, internal rotator
O: attaches onto iliotibial band
N: superior gluteal nerve L4-S1

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19
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of adductor magnus?

A

A: hip adduction
O: inferior pubic rami to linear aspera
I: medial supracondylar ridge, adductor tubercle
N: obturator nerve L2-L4

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20
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of adductor brevis

A

A: hip adduction
O: Pubis
I: linear aspera
N: obturator nerve L2-L4

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21
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of adductor longus

A

A: hip adduction
O: body of pubis
I: linear aspera
N: obturator nerve L2-L4

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22
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of pectineus muscle

A

A: hip adduction, hip flexion
O: Superior rami of the pubis
I: pectineal line
N: femoral nerve L2-L3

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23
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of gracilis muscle

A

A: hip adductor
O: pubis
I: medial proximal tibia
N: obturator nerve L2-L3

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24
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of iliacus

A

A; hip flexor, trunk flexion
O: Medial iliac creast
I: tendon lesser trochanter
N: femoral nerve L1-L3

25
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of psoas major

A

A: Hip flexor
O: vertebral borders T12-L5
I: tendon on lesser trochanter
N: anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3

26
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of rectus femoris

A

A: hip flexion, knee extension
O: ASIS
I: tendon patella and tibial tuberosity
N: femoral nerve L2-L4

27
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of sartorius

A

A: hip flexor, allows cross legged action, knee flexor
O: ASIS
I: Proximal tibia under medial condyle
N: Femoral nerve L2-L3

28
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of long head of biceps femoris

A

A: hip extensor, hip external rotation, knee flexion
O: long head ischial tuberosity, short head linea aspera
I: head of fibula
N: L5-S2

29
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of semitendinosis?

A

A: Hip extensor, knee flexor, internal rotator
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: proximal tibia below medial condyle
N: Sciatic nerve L5-S2

30
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of semimembranosus

A

A: hip extensor, internal rotator, knee flexor
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: medial condyle tibia
N: tibial division sciatic nerve

31
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of obturator internus

A

A: hip external rotator
O: obturator membrane (posterior surface)
I: greater trochanter
N: L5 - S1

32
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of obturator externus

A

A: hip external rotator
O: anterior surface obturator membrane
I: greater trochanter
N: L3-L4

33
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of superior and inferiorgemellus

A

A: hip external rotation
O: Ischial tuberosity
I: greater trochanter
N: L5-S1

34
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of quadratus femoris

A

A: hip external rotation,
O: ischial tuberosity
I: intertrochanteric crest femur
N: L4-S1

35
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of piriformis

A

A: hip external rotation, thigh abduction in flexed hip
O: anterior sacrum
I: greater trochanter
N: S1-S2

36
Q

What are key connective tissue elements in the knee?

A

Meniscus
Collateral ligaments
Cruciate ligaments
Hyaline cartilage around the tibial articular surfaces

37
Q

What are the menisci?

A

Semilunar fibrocartilage discs

38
Q

What is the purpose of the menisci?

A

Increase congruence between articular surfaces
Assist with weight bearing across joint
Shock absorption
Facilitation of movement

39
Q

What are the ligaments of the knee?

A

Medial collateral ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament

40
Q

What are features of the MCL and LCL?

A

extracapsular
strong cord
MCL helps to prevent valgus displacement of knee whereas LCL helps prevent varus

41
Q

What are features of the ACL?

A

Starts anterior of the tibia
Intracapsular
From intercondylar area to lateral femoral condyle
Sort of splits into 2 branches
prevents anterior tibial displacement

42
Q

What are features of the PCL?

A

Intracapsular posterior inter condylar area of tibia to medial femoral condyle
has two handles
prevents posterior displacement

43
Q

What kind of joint is the patellofemoral joint?

A

Synovial saddle joint

44
Q

What is the function of the patella?

A

Acts as an anatomic pulley
Reduces friction between quadriceps tendon and femoral condyles

45
Q

What is the movement of the patella in flexion and extension?

A

Patella moves down with flexion
Patella moves up with extension

46
Q

How many bursa are around the knee joint?

A

13-15
fluid filled sacs to reduce friction

47
Q

What is the closed-paced position of the knee

A

Extension for knee
No rotation occurs in this position

48
Q

Which muscles flex the knee?

A

Medial and lateral head of gastrocnemius
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Gracilis
Sartorius
Popliteus

49
Q

What are the knee extensors?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Tensor fasciae latae

50
Q

Which muscles create lateral knee rotation?

A

Popliteus
Biceps femoris

51
Q

Which muscles create medial rotation at the knee?

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Sartorius
Gracilis

52
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of gastrocnemius?

A

A: knee flexion, ankle plantar flexion
O: Lateral head: lateral femoral condyle
medial head: medial femoral condyle
I: posterior surface onto calcaneal tendon (achilles)
N: tibial nerve S1-S2

53
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of popliteus?

A

A: knee flexor, stabiliser and unlocks knee
O: lateral condyle femur
I: posterior surface proximal tibia
N: L4-S1

54
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of vastus lateralis?

A

A: knee extensor
O: intertrochanteric line, greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity
I: tibial tuberosity, patella
N: L2-L4 femoral nerve

55
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of vastus medialis?

A

A: knee extensor
O: intertrochanteric line, linea aspera
I: tibial tuberosity, patella
N: L2-L4 femoral nerve

56
Q

What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of vastus intermedius?

A

A: knee extensor
O: anterior surface femoral shaft
I: tibial tuberosity, petallar ligament
N: L2-L4 femoral nerve

57
Q

what muscles are in the anterior compartment of the ankle?

A

Extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
tibialis anterior
fibularis tertius / perioneus tertius

58
Q

Which muscles are in the posterior compartment of the ankle?

A

tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
popliteus
soleus
gastrocnemius

59
Q
A

MSK (10 decks)

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