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Anatomy > Anatomy Lecture Test 1 > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is considered the pre embryonic stage

A

The first two weeks

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2
Q

What is the embryo stage

A

Week 3-8

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3
Q

What qualifies a fetus

A

9th week of gestation to birth

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4
Q

When are all the organ systems structured in an embryo

A

Week 9

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5
Q

What happens in weeks 1-2 in human development (embryo)

A

Cellular division
Migration
Differentation
Gastrulation

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6
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?
What would be some signs and symptoms?

A

When a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus. ( usually in the fallopian tube)

Pelvic pain lateral from the midline

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7
Q

what is gastrulation?
What are the two types of cells that undergo this?

A

Two cell layers become 3 germ cell layers

epiblast & hypoblast cells

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8
Q

What are the three germ cell layers

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

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9
Q

What structures are derived from the endoderm

A

Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory
Lining of urethra, bladder, and reproductive system
Liver and pancreas

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10
Q

What structures are derived from the mesoderm

A

Notochord (vertebrae)
Musculoskeletal system
Circulatory system
Muscular layer of stomach, intestines, etc.

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11
Q

What structures are derived from the ectoderm?

A

Epidermis of skin
Cornea and lens of eye
Nervous system

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12
Q

What makes up the axial skeleton

A

Skull
Spine
Rib cage
Sacrum

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13
Q

What makes up the appendicular skeleton

A

Clavicals
Scapulas
Pelvis
Upper extremity
Lower extremity

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14
Q

How many cervical, thoracic,lumber, sacral, and coccyx pieces are there?

A

7
12
5
5- fused
4- fused

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15
Q

What parts of the spine have primary curves

A

Thoracic & Sacral

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16
Q

What part of the spine has secondary curves?

A

Cervical & Lumbar

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17
Q

What are the three types of scoliosis?

A
  1. Idiopathic adolescent
  2. Neuromuscular- spinal bifida, CP, MD (muscular dystrophy)
  3. Congenital
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18
Q

Which cervical vertebrae does not have a split spinous process?

A

C7

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19
Q

What is the physiology behind a herniated disc?

A

The nucleus pulposus “seeps” out of the anulus fibrous and into the spinal canal.

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of a herniated disk?

A

Spine pain
Radiating pain
Muscle weakness
Sensory/sensations changes

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21
Q

What is spinal stenosis?

A

Narrowing of spinal foramen
Bone spurs or thickening of ligaments

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22
Q

What part of the vertebrae is associated with spondylosis?

A

Pars interarticularis
Aka “Scotty dog”

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23
Q

what is spondylosis?

A

Degeneration/ wear and tear of the spine

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24
Q

What is spondylosis

A

A fracture without separation

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25
Q

What is spondylolisthesis?

A

A fractured with a separation
(Shift, slide, separate)

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26
Q

What happens to nerves during spondylolisthesis

A

Undergo increased tension
Think leg problems

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27
Q

What direction are cervical facets (zygapophysical joints) oriented?

A

Slanted upwards

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28
Q

Which direction are thoracic facets (zygapophysical joints) oriented

A

Facing backwards
(Spinous process)

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29
Q

Which direction are lumbar facets (apophysical joints) oriented?

A

Facing inward/ each other

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30
Q

How is an extrinsic muscle classified?

A

Interacted by ventral rami of spinal nerves
Moves UE and respiratory
Superficial= UE
Intermediate= respiratory
Bigger/longer

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31
Q

How is an intrinsic muscle classified?

A

Specialized & smaller
Innervated by dorsal rami
Support and move vertebral column
Function to move head
One group can move ribs
Intermediate & deep

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32
Q

When is a Blastocoel formed?

A

End of week 1

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32
Q

Which germ layer is the axial skeleton formed from?

A

Mesoderm

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33
Q

What are your primary and secondary spinal curves?

A

Primary: Thoracic & Sacral
Secondary: Cervical & Lumbar

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34
Q

How do you name scoliosis?

A

direction of convexity of the curve and the spinal region

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35
Q

What joint is responsible for a slight head nod?

A

OA joint- atlanto-occipital joint

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36
Q

What joint is responsible for a slight head shake?

A

AA joint - Atlanto-axial joint

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37
Q

What is the center of a vertebral disc called?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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38
Q

What is the outer part of the intervertebral disc called?

A

Anulus Fibrosus

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39
Q

What spinal ligament limited excessive extension?

A

Anterior longitudinal ligament

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40
Q

What spinal ligament limits excessive flexion?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

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41
Q

What orientation do cervical facet joints have?

A

slanted upwards (45º)

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42
Q

What orientation do the thoracic facet joints have?

A

Facing posterior

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43
Q

What orientation do the lumbar facet joints have?

A

facing inward/ themselves

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44
Q

What vitamin is important for healthy development of the neural tube and preventing neural tube defects

A

Folate/ folic acid

45
Q

What germ layer is the neural tube made of

A

Ectoderm

46
Q

When do tissues begin to differentiate into intervertebral discs, axial skeleton, skeletal muscle, skin and CNS

A

Around week 4

47
Q

What does the neuroectodermal tissue thicken into?

A

neural plate

48
Q

What happens to the neural plate when it converges?

A

Joining of neural plate borders creating the neural chest and neural tube

49
Q

What does the closure of the neural tube do?

A

separates the neural crest from the epidermis

50
Q

What does the neural crest form?

A

the PNS

51
Q

What does the notochord degenerate into?

A

the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs

52
Q

What is spina bifida

A

disorder in which the two sides of vertebral arches fail to fuse

53
Q

What is spina bifida occulta? How common is this defect? What are the symptoms?

A

defect in vertebral arch of L5 or S1
10-20%
asymptomatic with a tuft of hair (no neuro problems)

54
Q

What is spina bifida meningocele?

A

large outpouching of the meninges
may contain cerebrospinal fluid

55
Q

What is what is spina bifida myelomeningocele? What are some deficits associated with this?

A

a portion of the spinal cord outpouches
ambulation issues (walking) & bowel and bladder movement

56
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

57
Q

How many spinal nerves are in each vertebral region?

A

cervical: 8
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccygeal: 1

58
Q

How do the nerves exit in each vertebral region? Above or below?

A

Cervical nerve exits above
all other nerves exit below
** C8 exits below C7 above T1**

59
Q

why does it require more movement to feel thoracic nerve symptoms vs lumbar nerve symptoms?

A

difference in space between discs

60
Q

What are ventral nerve roots responsible for? Whats the exception?

A

Motor
suboccipitals (Dorsal rami C1)

61
Q

What are dorsal nerve roots responsible for?

A

Sensory

62
Q

What are ventral rami responsible for?

A

innervate ventral body wall, extrinsic back, and all limbs

63
Q

What are dorsal rami responsible for?

A

Innervate skin and deep muscles of back

64
Q

What actions are C5 responsible for?

A

Shoulder Flexion
Shoulder Abduction
Shoulder Scaption
Shoulder External Rotation

65
Q

What movements are C6, C7, and C8 responsible for?

A

Extension
adduction
internal rotation

66
Q

Where does the spinal cord turn into the “horse tail” and what is it called?

A

Cauda Equina @ L1/L2

67
Q

Where does the spinal dural sac terminate?

A

S2 ( nerves continue uncovered)

68
Q

What are the different spinal meninges and their correlating spaces?

A

Pia mater (closest to spinal cord)
subarachnoid space- cerebral spinal fluid
Arachnoid mater
Subdural space
Dura mater
Epidural space

69
Q

Whats a common clinical correlation of a tight pec minor?

A

“pseudo” Inferior angle winging

70
Q

What suboccipital muscles rock and tilt the head into extension?

A

Rectus Capitis posterior Major
Rectus Capitis posterior Minor
Obliquus capitis superior

71
Q

What suboccipital muscles rotate the head ipsilaterally?

A

Rectus capitis Posterior major
Rectus Capitis posterior minor
obliquus capitis inferior

72
Q

What suboccipital muscles laterally flex the head (ipsilaterally)

A

Obliquus capitis superior

73
Q

What is the floor of the suboccipital triangle

A

Posterior OA membrane and posterior arch of vertebra

74
Q

what is the roof of the suboccipital triangle

A

semispinalis capitis

75
Q

If your head rotates to the left, what muscles are creating that movement?

A

Right:
Sternocleidomastoid
Semispinalis capitis
Upper trapezius
Left:
Obliquus capitis inferior
Rectus capitis posterior Major & Minor
Longissimus capitis
Splenius capitis

76
Q

What does a broken hyoid bone indicate?

A

strangulation

77
Q

Is there a disc between C1 and occiput?

A

naur

78
Q

Is there a disc between C1 & C2?

A

nope

79
Q

What is torticollis? What does it cause in infants (position)?

A

spasm of the CSM
characterized by the head being side bent with contralateral rotation

80
Q

What is torticollis called when it is present in adults?

A

spasmodic torticollis

81
Q

What are the four suprahyoid muscles

A

mylohyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
Geniohyoid

82
Q

What are the four infrahyoid muscles

A

thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
omohyoid
sternohyoid

83
Q

What muscles make up the anterior cervical triangle

A

anterior- median line of the neck
posterior- anterior border of SCM
superior boundary- inferior border of the mandible
roof- platysma
floor- pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland

84
Q

Name all four triangles WITHIN the anterior cervical triangle

A

submandibular triangle
submental triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle

85
Q

What muscles create the carotid triangle?

A

superior belly of omohyoid
posterior belly of digastric
Anterior belly of SCM

86
Q

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

A

Common Carotid Artery
Internal jugular Vein

87
Q

What is the carotid sinus responsible for?

A

Baroreceptor : monitors blood pressure

88
Q

What is the carotid body responsible for?

A

monitors/checkpoint for chemicals in blood going to the brain

89
Q

What vertebral level would the hyoid bone be located

A

C3/C4 split

90
Q

What vertebral level would the thyroid cartilage be located?

A

C5/C6

91
Q

What vertebral level would the carotid sinus and carotid body be located? This is also the same level it spits at.

A

C3/C4 * mostly C4

92
Q

What are the margins of the Lateral cervical triangle?

A

anterior: posterior border of SCM
posterior: anterior border of trapezius
inferior: middle third of the clavicle between the trapezius and the SCM

93
Q

When you have cervical disc surgery, what structures are moved to gain access to the vertebrae

A

esophagus, trachea, arteries

94
Q

What spinal nerves does the phrenic nerve branch from?

A

C3-C5
* 345 keep you alive*

95
Q

CN XI Lesion- Palsy causes what muscular changes?

A

Accessory nerve being cut means that the trapezius is no longer innervated and will atrophy.

96
Q

If CNXI is cut, which muscle is left to upwardly rotate the scapula?

A

Serratus Anterior

97
Q

How many pairs of ribs do we have?

A

12

98
Q

What are the regions of the ribs?

A

True ribs: 1-7
False ribs: 8-10
Floating ribs: 11-12

99
Q

What vertebra level is the superior angle of the scapula?

A

T2

100
Q

what vertebra level is the root of the spine of the scapula?

A

T3

101
Q

That vertebra level is the inferior angle of the scapula

A

T7

102
Q

what is the trunk dermatone for the axilla

A

T2

103
Q

What is the trunk dermatone for the nipple

A

T4

104
Q

What is the trunk dermatome for the xiphoid process

A

T6

105
Q

What is the trunk dermatome for the umbilicus?

A

T10

106
Q

What structures pass through the diaphragm

A

Inferior vena cava (T8)
Esophagus and vagus nerve (T10)
Aorta and thoracic duct (T12)

107
Q

What order do the 3 structures that pass through the diaphragm go in from anterior to posterior

A

IVC, Esophagus, Aorta

108
Q

What order do the 3 structures that pass through the diaphragm go in from right to left

A

IVC, Esophagus, Aorta

109
Q

What are the four quadrants of the torso

A

Upper right
lower right
upper left
lower left

110
Q

What are the nine regions of the abdomen

A

R.hypochondriac, Epigastric, L. Hypochondriac

R. Lumbar, Umbilical, L. Lumbar

R. Iliac, hypogastric, L. Iliac

Anatomy (4 decks)

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