Anatomy Lecture Test 1 Flashcards
What is considered the pre embryonic stage
The first two weeks
What is the embryo stage
Week 3-8
What qualifies a fetus
9th week of gestation to birth
When are all the organ systems structured in an embryo
Week 9
What happens in weeks 1-2 in human development (embryo)
Cellular division
Migration
Differentation
Gastrulation
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
What would be some signs and symptoms?
When a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the main cavity of the uterus. ( usually in the fallopian tube)
Pelvic pain lateral from the midline
what is gastrulation?
What are the two types of cells that undergo this?
Two cell layers become 3 germ cell layers
epiblast & hypoblast cells
What are the three germ cell layers
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
What structures are derived from the endoderm
Epithelial lining of digestive and respiratory
Lining of urethra, bladder, and reproductive system
Liver and pancreas
What structures are derived from the mesoderm
Notochord (vertebrae)
Musculoskeletal system
Circulatory system
Muscular layer of stomach, intestines, etc.
What structures are derived from the ectoderm?
Epidermis of skin
Cornea and lens of eye
Nervous system
What makes up the axial skeleton
Skull
Spine
Rib cage
Sacrum
What makes up the appendicular skeleton
Clavicals
Scapulas
Pelvis
Upper extremity
Lower extremity
How many cervical, thoracic,lumber, sacral, and coccyx pieces are there?
7
12
5
5- fused
4- fused
What parts of the spine have primary curves
Thoracic & Sacral
What part of the spine has secondary curves?
Cervical & Lumbar
What are the three types of scoliosis?
- Idiopathic adolescent
- Neuromuscular- spinal bifida, CP, MD (muscular dystrophy)
- Congenital
Which cervical vertebrae does not have a split spinous process?
C7
What is the physiology behind a herniated disc?
The nucleus pulposus “seeps” out of the anulus fibrous and into the spinal canal.
What are the symptoms of a herniated disk?
Spine pain
Radiating pain
Muscle weakness
Sensory/sensations changes
What is spinal stenosis?
Narrowing of spinal foramen
Bone spurs or thickening of ligaments
What part of the vertebrae is associated with spondylosis?
Pars interarticularis
Aka “Scotty dog”
what is spondylosis?
Degeneration/ wear and tear of the spine
What is spondylosis
A fracture without separation
What is spondylolisthesis?
A fractured with a separation
(Shift, slide, separate)
What happens to nerves during spondylolisthesis
Undergo increased tension
Think leg problems
What direction are cervical facets (zygapophysical joints) oriented?
Slanted upwards
Which direction are thoracic facets (zygapophysical joints) oriented
Facing backwards
(Spinous process)
Which direction are lumbar facets (apophysical joints) oriented?
Facing inward/ each other
How is an extrinsic muscle classified?
Interacted by ventral rami of spinal nerves
Moves UE and respiratory
Superficial= UE
Intermediate= respiratory
Bigger/longer
How is an intrinsic muscle classified?
Specialized & smaller
Innervated by dorsal rami
Support and move vertebral column
Function to move head
One group can move ribs
Intermediate & deep
When is a Blastocoel formed?
End of week 1
Which germ layer is the axial skeleton formed from?
Mesoderm
What are your primary and secondary spinal curves?
Primary: Thoracic & Sacral
Secondary: Cervical & Lumbar
How do you name scoliosis?
direction of convexity of the curve and the spinal region
What joint is responsible for a slight head nod?
OA joint- atlanto-occipital joint
What joint is responsible for a slight head shake?
AA joint - Atlanto-axial joint
What is the center of a vertebral disc called?
Nucleus pulposus
What is the outer part of the intervertebral disc called?
Anulus Fibrosus
What spinal ligament limited excessive extension?
Anterior longitudinal ligament
What spinal ligament limits excessive flexion?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
What orientation do cervical facet joints have?
slanted upwards (45º)
What orientation do the thoracic facet joints have?
Facing posterior
What orientation do the lumbar facet joints have?
facing inward/ themselves
What vitamin is important for healthy development of the neural tube and preventing neural tube defects
Folate/ folic acid
What germ layer is the neural tube made of
Ectoderm
When do tissues begin to differentiate into intervertebral discs, axial skeleton, skeletal muscle, skin and CNS
Around week 4
What does the neuroectodermal tissue thicken into?
neural plate
What happens to the neural plate when it converges?
Joining of neural plate borders creating the neural chest and neural tube
What does the closure of the neural tube do?
separates the neural crest from the epidermis
What does the neural crest form?
the PNS
What does the notochord degenerate into?
the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs
What is spina bifida
disorder in which the two sides of vertebral arches fail to fuse
What is spina bifida occulta? How common is this defect? What are the symptoms?
defect in vertebral arch of L5 or S1
10-20%
asymptomatic with a tuft of hair (no neuro problems)
What is spina bifida meningocele?
large outpouching of the meninges
may contain cerebrospinal fluid
What is what is spina bifida myelomeningocele? What are some deficits associated with this?
a portion of the spinal cord outpouches
ambulation issues (walking) & bowel and bladder movement
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
How many spinal nerves are in each vertebral region?
cervical: 8
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccygeal: 1
How do the nerves exit in each vertebral region? Above or below?
Cervical nerve exits above
all other nerves exit below
** C8 exits below C7 above T1**
why does it require more movement to feel thoracic nerve symptoms vs lumbar nerve symptoms?
difference in space between discs
What are ventral nerve roots responsible for? Whats the exception?
Motor
suboccipitals (Dorsal rami C1)
What are dorsal nerve roots responsible for?
Sensory
What are ventral rami responsible for?
innervate ventral body wall, extrinsic back, and all limbs
What are dorsal rami responsible for?
Innervate skin and deep muscles of back
What actions are C5 responsible for?
Shoulder Flexion
Shoulder Abduction
Shoulder Scaption
Shoulder External Rotation
What movements are C6, C7, and C8 responsible for?
Extension
adduction
internal rotation
Where does the spinal cord turn into the “horse tail” and what is it called?
Cauda Equina @ L1/L2
Where does the spinal dural sac terminate?
S2 ( nerves continue uncovered)
What are the different spinal meninges and their correlating spaces?
Pia mater (closest to spinal cord)
subarachnoid space- cerebral spinal fluid
Arachnoid mater
Subdural space
Dura mater
Epidural space
Whats a common clinical correlation of a tight pec minor?
“pseudo” Inferior angle winging
What suboccipital muscles rock and tilt the head into extension?
Rectus Capitis posterior Major
Rectus Capitis posterior Minor
Obliquus capitis superior
What suboccipital muscles rotate the head ipsilaterally?
Rectus capitis Posterior major
Rectus Capitis posterior minor
obliquus capitis inferior
What suboccipital muscles laterally flex the head (ipsilaterally)
Obliquus capitis superior
What is the floor of the suboccipital triangle
Posterior OA membrane and posterior arch of vertebra
what is the roof of the suboccipital triangle
semispinalis capitis
If your head rotates to the left, what muscles are creating that movement?
Right:
Sternocleidomastoid
Semispinalis capitis
Upper trapezius
Left:
Obliquus capitis inferior
Rectus capitis posterior Major & Minor
Longissimus capitis
Splenius capitis
What does a broken hyoid bone indicate?
strangulation
Is there a disc between C1 and occiput?
naur
Is there a disc between C1 & C2?
nope
What is torticollis? What does it cause in infants (position)?
spasm of the CSM
characterized by the head being side bent with contralateral rotation
What is torticollis called when it is present in adults?
spasmodic torticollis
What are the four suprahyoid muscles
mylohyoid
digastric
stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
What are the four infrahyoid muscles
thyrohyoid
sternothyroid
omohyoid
sternohyoid
What muscles make up the anterior cervical triangle
anterior- median line of the neck
posterior- anterior border of SCM
superior boundary- inferior border of the mandible
roof- platysma
floor- pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland
Name all four triangles WITHIN the anterior cervical triangle
submandibular triangle
submental triangle
carotid triangle
muscular triangle
What muscles create the carotid triangle?
superior belly of omohyoid
posterior belly of digastric
Anterior belly of SCM
What are the contents of the carotid triangle?
Common Carotid Artery
Internal jugular Vein
What is the carotid sinus responsible for?
Baroreceptor : monitors blood pressure
What is the carotid body responsible for?
monitors/checkpoint for chemicals in blood going to the brain
What vertebral level would the hyoid bone be located
C3/C4 split
What vertebral level would the thyroid cartilage be located?
C5/C6
What vertebral level would the carotid sinus and carotid body be located? This is also the same level it spits at.
C3/C4 * mostly C4
What are the margins of the Lateral cervical triangle?
anterior: posterior border of SCM
posterior: anterior border of trapezius
inferior: middle third of the clavicle between the trapezius and the SCM
When you have cervical disc surgery, what structures are moved to gain access to the vertebrae
esophagus, trachea, arteries
What spinal nerves does the phrenic nerve branch from?
C3-C5
* 345 keep you alive*
CN XI Lesion- Palsy causes what muscular changes?
Accessory nerve being cut means that the trapezius is no longer innervated and will atrophy.
If CNXI is cut, which muscle is left to upwardly rotate the scapula?
Serratus Anterior
How many pairs of ribs do we have?
12
What are the regions of the ribs?
True ribs: 1-7
False ribs: 8-10
Floating ribs: 11-12
What vertebra level is the superior angle of the scapula?
T2
what vertebra level is the root of the spine of the scapula?
T3
That vertebra level is the inferior angle of the scapula
T7
what is the trunk dermatone for the axilla
T2
What is the trunk dermatone for the nipple
T4
What is the trunk dermatome for the xiphoid process
T6
What is the trunk dermatome for the umbilicus?
T10
What structures pass through the diaphragm
Inferior vena cava (T8)
Esophagus and vagus nerve (T10)
Aorta and thoracic duct (T12)
What order do the 3 structures that pass through the diaphragm go in from anterior to posterior
IVC, Esophagus, Aorta
What order do the 3 structures that pass through the diaphragm go in from right to left
IVC, Esophagus, Aorta
What are the four quadrants of the torso
Upper right
lower right
upper left
lower left
What are the nine regions of the abdomen
R.hypochondriac, Epigastric, L. Hypochondriac
R. Lumbar, Umbilical, L. Lumbar
R. Iliac, hypogastric, L. Iliac
