Anatomy L 7-8 Autonomics

Question 1

Which system is mostly independant of somatic system and functions through a set of reflexes in smooth muscles for the most part which is basically representative of the viscera?

Answer 1

Autonomic nervous system.

Question 2

OBJ 9/9: describe the primary structural and functional differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Answer 2

Where are the synapses for both?
Which are faster?
which have short or long, pre and post ganglionic axons?
Which, increase Heart rate? causes bronchoconstriction?

Question 3

OBJ 9/9: Describe the difference between paravertebral and prevertebral sympathetic ganglia and how they are acssociated with the four primary sympathetic pathways from the spinal cord, through the sympathetic trunk, and on to organ systems.

Answer 3

tba

Question 4

describe how parasympathetics are distributed to the body via both cranial and caudal pathways

Answer 4

tba

Question 5

Be able to detail the distribution of preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers in the head, their associated ganglia and from which cranial nerves they arise.

Answer 5

tba

Question 6

Which cranial nerve does all the parasympathetics for the gut tube and thoracic viscera?

Answer 6

X, vagus

Question 7

Viscera means or represents? is what type of muscle tissue?

Answer 7

organs

smooth muscle

Question 8

Which major nervous system controls only single neuron pathways and two neuron pathways?

Answer 8

Somatic

autonomic

Question 9

HUGE: Which nervous system has ganglia and which does not?

Answer 9

autonomic

somatic

Question 10

Which nervous system has abilities to excite or inhibit and which one has only the ability to excited

Answer 10

autonomic

somatic

Question 11

Which nervous system has axons that are thin and less myelinated and which has thick and myelinated?

Answer 11

Autonomic

somatic

Question 12

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 12

parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 13

Post ganglionic axons have or have not synapsed?

Answer 13

have

Question 14

Which branch of the autonomic system has long preganglionic axons?

Answer 14

parasympathetic

Question 15

T/F parasympth and sympth, can at times synapse with one another?

Answer 15

False, they do not interact, though they can be close or next to one another.

Question 16

KEY: sympathetic axons, must always go from the spinal cord to the sympathetic _________?

Answer 16

trunk! ( the paravertebral beads! remember sympathetichave short preganglionic axons, this is why, b/c they must go to trunk to synapse.

Question 17

responsible for knowing 3 plexuses in the thoracic cavity and 2 below the diaphragm. don’t forget that 1 of these lower plexuses is divided into 3 plexuses of the guts. what are the 5 major and 3 gut plexuses they?

Answer 17

Cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexus in thoracic
3 abdominal aortic plexuses are
Celiac ganglia, superior mesenteric ganglia, Inferior mesenteric ganglia and plexus for each. Then 1 more: HypoGastric plexus

Question 18

What are splanchnic nerves?

Answer 18

nerves that become composed in thoracic region and then descend down to prevertebral ganglia.

Question 19

KEY: T/F

The plexuses contain sympathetic preganglionic axons and parasympathetic postganglionic axons?

Answer 19

F you must have memorized that in the plexuses of the autonomic nervous system, which are around the viscera, there must be both parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation and that parasympathetic is always preganglionic b/c it synapses at the organ, and sympathetic is postganglionic b/c it synapsed near the vertebral column. sympth = short pregang, long post gang.

Question 20

Which 2 plexuses have parasympathetic and sympathetic activity? and why do the other 3 not?

Answer 20

cardiac and pulmonary plexus do. b/c they need the sympathetic as well, where as the other 3 plexues are mostly rest and digest, except for ejaculation??

Question 21

KEY: which axons (Pre/post ganglionic) of which systems (parasympthetic/sympthetic) release ach at their synapse? what is this type of Ach synapse called?

Answer 21

Pre and post ganglionic of parasympathetic and ONLY the preganglionic of the sympathetic are CHOLINERGIC and release Ach.

Question 22

Most Postganglionic of sympathetic releases what hormone and is therefore called what type of nerve synapse?

Answer 22

norepinephrine

adrenergic

Question 23

Which autonomic system has long preganglionic fibers? which has short pregang. fibers?

Answer 23

Parasympth (think they attach to organ.

sympth

Question 24

extensive branching ccurs more in which autonomic system?

Answer 24

sympathetic has branching both before and after ganglion

Question 25

explain the difference between up/down regulation and dual innervation?

Answer 25

many organs are innervated by post ganglionic axons from both ANS divisions since the parasympathetics synapse in the tissue of the organ, therefore they are controlled by opposing activity of the two systems. Simliar control via a different mechanism is when one system gives this sense of opposing effects by simply up or down regulating of the same system. (ie only one system is giving opposing effects)

Question 26

What are micturition, alteration of HR, respiratory rate/depth, digestive activities, alteration of pupil diameter, cardiac contractions, gland secretion.

Answer 26

``` Autonomic reflexes (simple loops) , which are comparable to reflexes. classic reflex involves reduction of blood pressure. ```

Question 27

Autonomic function influenced by what 4 regions of the CNS?

Answer 27

cerebrum, hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal cord

Question 28

The integration and command center for the autonomic functions is located in what part of the CNS?

Answer 28

Hypothalamus

Question 29

Can conscious activites in the cerebrum affect control of the ANS?

Answer 29

yes, your thoughts can affect the hypothalamus and that can in turn affects the ANS.

Question 30

TQ: Where are sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies housed?

Answer 30

Lateral horn T1 - L2 even for the head and distal pelvis!!!

Question 31

TQ preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor neuron axons to exit the spinal cord, then enter the anterior roots and then the T1 - L2 ________ nerves?

Answer 31

spinal nerves!!! always start of on spinal nerves and then branch off quickly to the trunk (beads)

Question 32

how many paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk are in the cervical region? and the rest of the spine?

Answer 32

3 in the cervical, superior, middle, inferior the rest of the vertebrae are one for one. All are paired

Question 33

which of White and gray ramus to the sympathetic trunk ganglia are are shorter, more medial and smaller?

Answer 33

gray, | white are longer, lateral and thicker b/c myelinated

Question 34

which spinal nerves are white Rami located at? Cervical? thoracic? Lumbar? Which # of vertebrae in these sections?

Answer 34

T1- L2 ONLY! ABOVE AND BELOW THIS, there are no sympathetic axons leaving the spinal cord, so no white rami outside of T1-L2. Though sympathetic axons are ascending and descending the sympathetic trunk to synapse or pass through the para vertebral ganglion (aka sympathetic trunk) located above T1 and Below L2

Question 35

TQ: Which Rami carry postganglionic sympathetic axons from the trunk to a spinal nerve? are they myelinated?

Answer 35

Gray, unmyelinated, exit ramps.

Question 36

Which rami exist above T1 and below L2? white or gray, and why?

Answer 36

Gray only. sympathetics ascend and descend to synapse before they leave on gray rami, which can be anywhere in the sympathetic trunk. But they can only come on the trunk via white rami from pre ganglionic sympathetic neurons that have their cell bodies housed only in T1-L2 lateral horn, which is the key point from above to remember.

Question 37

key is to know that axons (white) can travel up and down the column travelling through ganglions without synapsing at some but then eventually synapsing before leaving on gray rami. though, for which 2 cases.. can it leave without synapsing? what color would it leave as?

Answer 37

if it goes to splanchnic, it will leave as white and synapse later in a prevertebral ganglion (pre=infront of), OR, like the case of the adrenals (odd case), it can leave directly from the sympthetic trunk as white axon, and synapse on the adrenal gland. you can imagine that adrenals fight or flights needs this rapid white fibers to connect directly to gland to save time!

Question 38

anytime you see splanchnice you are thinking this axon came from the __________ ________? and is what color b/c it has or hasn't synapsed?

Answer 38

sympathetic trunk white hasn't synapsed

Question 39

confusion alert on splanchnic nerves!!! Don't confuse Pelvice splanchnic with the lumbar or sacral splanchnic! which one is parasympth, and sympth?

Answer 39

Pelvic, think pelvic thrusts in sex, and that is parasympathetic!! which means sacral and lumbar splanchnic are sympathetic.

Question 40

There are 5 larger splanchnic sympathetic nerves, (first 3 most concerned with) what are they? they are located ________ of the sympathetic trunk, which is infront of the vertebrae and therefore called __________?

Answer 40

``` 1-3 = Greater, Lesser & Least thoracic splanchnic nerves Lumbar splanchnic nerve Sacral splanchnic nerve anteriorly prevertebral ```

Question 41

The splanchnic Prevertebral nerves, arise thoracicly and run down to the __________ and synapse in ___________ ganglionic,

Answer 41

abdomin | prevertebral

Question 42

The three plexuses of the abdominal aortic plexus, each have 3 associated ganglion that are the splanchnic nerves destinations for this region, their names are again?

Answer 42

Celiac , superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric ganglia.

Question 43

What is so unique about the pre vertebral ganglia for the splanchnic nerves in the abdominal cavity? and are they only in the abdominal cavity? why?

Answer 43

they are no longer Paired | and yes, they are only in the abdominal cavity. TMI - B/c the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves synapsed in the trunk.

Question 44

6 nerve pathways. 3 basic and 3 unique

Answer 44

all enter sympathetic trunk on white rami at level of exiting spinal cord. then 1-3 can leave on gray, either at same level or after ascending or descending. 4. splanchnic to synapse in abdominal, 5. straight to synapse at adrenal. 6. synapse in trunk but take its own path to the heart. There is another way through the splanchnic that actually synapses in trunk instead of prevert. ganglion. but thats not needed for test.

Question 45

What is name or term that explains how sympathetic is highly effective due to the large number of ganglionic neurons activating many effector organs? and can this also be detrimental to the organism?

Answer 45

Mass activation | yes this can be detrimental to systems that are being overused or stress, when it is not necessary.

Question 46

The cranio sacral division is another name for what division of the nervous system?

Answer 46

parasympathetic division

Question 47

The parasympathetic and sympathetic systems together create what in the body?

Answer 47

homeostasis

Question 48

What are the numbers and names of the cranial nerves that take part in the parasympathetic system?

Answer 48

``` 4 of them - 3,7,9,10 3, occulomoter 7, facial 9, glossopharyngeal 10, vagus ```

Question 49

What are the numbers of sacral nerves that take part in parasympathtetic system? What type of nerves, and which plexus?

Answer 49

S2, S3, S4 splanchnic nerves hypogastric

Question 50

parasympathetics in the pelvic/Caudal region effect what?

Answer 50

urinary, reproduction, erection, descending colon and rectum

Question 51

TQ- which cranial nerves affect only parasympathetics in the head alone?

Answer 51

occulomotor, facial, glossopharyngeal (vagus is thoracic and abdominal organs only)

Question 52

TQ - Cranial nerve 3 opening? assoc, ganglion? action?

Answer 52

superior orbital fissure ciliary ganglion pupil constriction, ciliary muscles for near vision

Question 53

extra: | which parasympathetic fibers piggy back on trigeminal?

Answer 53

postganglionic branching

Question 54

TQ - Facial nerve opening? and ganglion(s)?

Answer 54

internal acoustic meatus | 2! - pterygopalatine gang. & submandibular gang.

Question 55

TQ - what are basic parasympathetic effect of the submandibular and pterygopalatine ganglions of the facial nerve?

Answer 55

Submandibular - SALIVA from submandibular and sublingual glands pterygopalatine - lacrimal gland- tears, nasal- mucous, oral-saliva and mucous.

Question 56

TQ- cranial nerve IX name? opening? ganglion? affects what?

Answer 56

glossopharyngeal Jugular foramen Otic ganglion Parotid gland (saliva)

Question 57

did you catch the different types/names for the openings of cranial nerves 3, 7, 9?

Answer 57

Fissure meatus foramen

Question 58

Cranial nerve #, name? opening? ganglion? for the nerve that does visceral parasympathetics.

Answer 58

X - Vagus Jugular foramen no ganglion, they synapse at the organ

Question 59

What activity is associated with the vagus nerve? know 3 of 5

Answer 59

``` HR decrease respiratory decrease bronchial constriction esophageal peristalsis abdominal viscera digestion promotion ```

Question 60

What is the name for when a nerve synapse in the tissue of the organ?

Answer 60

intramural

Question 61

FYI - trigeminal (cranial nerve 5 or V) only does Motor or sensor? and is it somatic or autonomic? why important to the parasympathetic cranial nerves?

Answer 61

just SOMATIC Sensation All the cranial parasympathetic piggy back the trigeminals and get to their destination via this hitchhiking. And the parasympathetic nerves ganglion, actually hang off of the trigeminal, physcial attached only.

Question 62

Trigeminal V nerve splits into 3 nerves that for now lets | call V1, V2, V3. The 4 ganglion dicussed from cranial nerves 3,7,9, piggy back on which of the trigeminals?

Answer 62

3 - ciliary - V1 7 - pterygopalatine - V2 7 - submandibular - V3 9 - otic - V3

Question 63

what are ganglion to memorize for the S2-4 parasympathetic nerves?

Answer 63

They are intramural so no ganglion, just like vagus.

Question 64

So , all nerves are preganglionic when they get to their destination when they come from what 4 parasympathetic nerves?

Answer 64

Vagus S-2 of pelvic Splanchnic S-3 " S-4"

Question 65

Is there a difference b/w the Pelvic and Sacral splanchnic?

Answer 65

Yes, pelvic is parasympathetic preganglionic- white and Sacral is sympathetic post ganglionic- gray.

Question 66

what is the reason the parasympathetics does not have to deal with the detrimental issues of mass action that you see in the sympathetics?

Answer 66

it is the lack of all the branching that occurs in the sympathetic, as well as the longer preganglionic neuron. ie the axons go to where they need to go and affect what they need to affect with out stopping all along the way to affect other things.