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Anatomy II > Anatomy II MT1 > Flashcards

Anatomy II MT1 Flashcards

1
Q

Other names for hip bone

A

os coxae, innominate bone

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2
Q

Obdurator foramen formed by fusion of

A

Ishium and pubis

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3
Q

Does the iliac fossa face more medial or lateral?

A

Medial, iliacus attaches

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4
Q

What type of joint is the sacroiliac joint?

A

1) Synovial (inferior)- auricular surfaces of ilium and sacrum, hyaline cartilage, capsule with synovial fluid. 2) Syndesmosis (posterior and superior) fibrous, thick bands of CT

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5
Q

Describe ventral and dorsal sacroiliac ligaments

A

Thickened regions of the sacroiliac joint capsule. Part of SI joint

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6
Q

Describe the interosseus sacroiliac ligament

A

Between iliac tuberosity and sacrum, syndesmotic portion of SI joint

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7
Q

Describe the sacrotuberous ligament

A

Sacrum to ischial tuberosity (forms lesser sciatic notch), part of SI joint

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8
Q

Describe the sacrospinous ligament

A

Sacrum to ischial spine (forms greater sciatic notch), part of SI joint

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9
Q

Describe the iliolumbar ligament

A

From iliac crest to TVP of L5, limits rotation and anterior gliding of L5 in relation to sacrum, limits side bending of L5 in relation to pelvis

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10
Q

What contributes to stability of the sacrum?

A

Downward compression of the sacrum (weight of upper body) causes interosseus ligaments to pull ilium bones together to tighten joint.

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11
Q

What limits anterior sacral rotation?

A

Ligaments: sacrotuberous, sacrospinous, and interosseus sacroiliac

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12
Q

What is nutation?

A

Rotation or tilting of sacrum around axis through interosseus ligaments

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13
Q

Describe anterior nutation

A

Sacral promontory moves inferior and anterior, coccyx moves superior and posterior

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14
Q

How does nutation affect the size of the pelvic outlet?

A

Nutation brings the iliac crests closer together and the ischial tuberosities further apart, increasing the size of the pelvic outlet.

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15
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Synovial ball and socket

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16
Q

Describe the ligaments of the hip joint

A

1) Transverse acetabular ligament - enlarges articular surface? 2) Ligamentum teres of head of femur - from head of femur to transverse acetabular ligament

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17
Q

Three ligaments that are the main stabilizers of the hip joint? Which one is most important?

A

1) Iliofemoral - limits hyperextension of the femur (resists body falling back) Y ligament of Bigelow 1 is MOST IMP 2) Ischiofemoral - reinforces hip capsule posteriorly, 3) Pubofemoral - reinforces hip capsule inferiorly

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18
Q

What happens to all three ligaments when the hip is extended?

A

They wind around the hip joint and tighten

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19
Q

What does the pubofemoral ligament do?

A

Limit abduction

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20
Q

What limits flexion of the hip joint

A

Hamstring muscles

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21
Q

What are the implications of the epiphyseal plate to blood circulation in long bones?

A

Impedes blood circulation between head and neck, supplied by different arteries

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22
Q

What disrupts the femoral epiphyseal arteries?

A

Corticosteroids, trauma, fracture, dislocation

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23
Q

Describe blood supply to the femoral neck

A

Medial and lateral epiphyseal arteries. Medial is posterior, Lateral is anterior. The lateral arises from the medial femoral circumflex artery.

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24
Q

What muscle is important relative to the location of the sciatic nerve?

A

Piriformis, usually sciatic passes below, but can pass above or poke through

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25
Q

What structures do iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves innervate?

A

Lower ab muscles and skin

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26
Q

What structures does genitofemoral nerve innervate?

A

Cremaster muscle and thigh skin

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27
Q

What structure does lateral cutaneous nerve to thigh innervate

A

Lateral thigh skin

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28
Q

What nerves make up the sacral plexus?

A

Ventral rami from L4,5 and S1,2,3

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29
Q

Describe the roots and branches of the sciatic nerve

A

Roots: L4,5 and S1,2,3
Branches: Tibial nerve, Common Fibular nerve

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30
Q

Roots of superior gluteal nerve

A

L4,5 S1

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31
Q

Roots of inferior gluteal nerve

A

L5, S1,2

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32
Q

Describe roots and innervations of Pudendal nerve

A

Roots: S2,3,4
Innervations: Anal and urethral sphincters, external genitalia

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33
Q

Roots of posterior cutaneous nerve to thigh

A

S1,2,3

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34
Q

Roots of nerve to quadratus femoris?

A

L4,5, S1

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35
Q

Roots of nerve to obdurator interus?

A

L5, S1,2

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36
Q

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

hamstrings, 1/2 adductor magnus, muscles of leg/foot

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37
Q

Does the superior gluteal nerve exit superior or inferior to the piriformis muscle? What about the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

Superior exits superior, inferior exits inferior

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38
Q

Describe the path of the femoral nerve

A

Through psoas major, inguinal ligament, into thigh, splits into anterior and posterior

39
Q

Describe the path of the obdurator nerve

A

Through psoas major, behind common iliac arteries, on lateral side of int. iliac artery and ureter, along the lateral wall of the lesser pelvis to the upper part of the obturator foramen.

40
Q

Valgus alignment

A

knock-kneed

41
Q

Varum alignment

A

Bow-legged

42
Q

What is the Pes anserinus

A

Common insertion of Sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus. Medial tibia, deep fascia of the leg

43
Q

What is the function of the Pes anserinus?

A

Help stabilize knee posture during partial flexion of the knee

44
Q

What is a common pathology of the pes anserinus?

A

Pes anserinus bursitis is a common source of knee pain, usually seen in young adult, physically active individuals, and older adults with osteoarthritis.

45
Q

What bones make up the knee joint?

A

2 articulations: 1) femur and tibia, 2) femur and patella. The fibula is not part of the knee joint.

46
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Pivot hinge (mobile troche-ginglymus). Synovial (covered by fibrous articular capsule.

47
Q

Function of anterior cruciate ligament?

A

Limit hyperextension of knee and posterior displacement of femur on tibia

48
Q

Function of posterior cruciate ligament?

A

Prevent anterior displacement of femur

49
Q

Which collateral ligament of the knee does not make contact with the knee joint?

A

Fibular collateral ligament

50
Q

What are the functions of the collateral ligaments of the knee?

A

Limit medial (interior) and lateral (exterior) rotation of the knee. Also resist valgus and varus stresses.

51
Q

Which bone of the knee joint has articular discs (menisci)?

A

Tibia

52
Q

What is the terrible triad?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscus

53
Q

What produces this injury?

A

Lateral force to knee with foot flexed in external rotation

54
Q

Describe Oblique popliteal ligament

A

Extension of semimembranosus, strengthens post. articular capsule, forms floor of popliteal fossa

55
Q

Describe the 3 knee bursas

A

1) suprapatellar, bet. femur & quadriceps tendon, 2) prepatellar “housemaid’s knee” 3) infrapatellar “clergyman’s knee”

56
Q

What is a Baker’s cyst?

A

swelling of semimembranous bursa

57
Q

In what position is the knee locked?

A

In full extension the knee is locked by rotating the femur medially on the tibia. This medial rotation is due to the lateral femoral condyle moving posteriorly in the lateral tibial condyle

58
Q

What is the clinical significance of a locked knee?

A

Both the medial and lateral meniscus are compressed and vulnerable to injury when the knee is locked

59
Q

Describe inferior tibiofibular joint

A

Fibrous, syndesmosis, held together by (1) anterior tibiofibular lig. (2) posterior tibiofibular lig. (3) interosseus membrane

60
Q

Describe ankle joint

A

Hinge, synovial between tibia fibula and talus. Fibula does not bear weight. Allows for plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of foot

61
Q

What are the ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

Deltoid ligament, Anterior and Posterior talofibular, Calcaneofibular

62
Q

Describe the deltoid ligament

A

Medial ankle, extends from medial malleolus to navicular, calcaneus and talus, resists eversion of foot

63
Q

What is the function of the anterior and posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments?

A

Lateral ankle, resists inversion of foot

64
Q

Which is more common, an eversion or inversion sprain? Why?

A

Inversion, because the lateral malleolus is more inferior than the medial malleolus and the deltoid ligament is stronger than the lateral ligaments.

65
Q

What is the spring ligament?

A

Spans between calcaneus and navicular, prevents talus from wedging bones apart

66
Q

Describe the talo-calcaneo-navicular joint?

A

Head of talus inserts between navicular and calcaneus

67
Q

Describe talo-calcaneal joint

A

Talus rests on calcanues

68
Q

What joints are involved in inversion and eversion?

A

talo-calcaneo-navicular and talo-calcaneal joints

69
Q

Describe the calcaneo-cuboid joint

A

Long plantar ligament, calcaneus to metatarsals 2-5

70
Q

The long plantar ligament forms a tunnel for what structure?

A

Fibularis longus tendon

71
Q

Describe the short plantar ligament

A

From calcaneus to cuboid

72
Q

What connects the metatarsal-phalangeal (MTP) joints of all 5 digits?

A

Deep tranverse ligament

73
Q

What muscles help to maintain standing posture?

A

Soleus and erector spinae

74
Q

Which tendons cross as they enter the foot?

A

Tendons of flexor hallucis and digitorum longus

75
Q

Injury of the common fibular nerve causes what?

A

Foot drop, loss of dorsiflexion and eversion

76
Q

What muscle does the Common Fibular nerve pass through?

A

Fibularis longus

77
Q

What area does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?

A

lateral compartment, fibularis longus and brevis

78
Q

What area does the deep fibular nerve innervate?

A

anterior compartment, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum and halluces longus and brevis, fibularis tertius

79
Q

What muscles are innervated by the tibial nerve?

A

Posterior compartment, gastrocnemius, soleus, flexors digitorum and hallucis longus, tibialis posterior

80
Q

What nerve root is tested by the patellar reflex test?

A

L4 nerve root

81
Q

What nerve root is tested by the Achilles reflex test?

A

S1 nerve root

82
Q

What muscles dorsiflex the foot?

A

Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum and extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius

83
Q

What muscles plantar flex the foot?

A

Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum and flexor halluces longus, fibularis longus and brevis

84
Q

The Achilles tendon continues under the foot in what structure? What is the origin and insertion?

A

Plantar fascia/aponeurosis. Extends from anteromedial calcaneus to heads of metacarpals

85
Q

What is plantar fasciitis?

A

Inflammatory condition usually localized at calcaneal attachment (and other areas). Calcaneal spurs (with bursa) can develop.

86
Q

What are embedded within tendons of flexor halluces brevis? Why?

A

Sesamoid bones. Protects tendon of flexor hallucis longus

87
Q

What is innervated by the medial plantar nerve?

A

Muscles of sole of foot and skin of Medial 3 1/2 digits

88
Q

What is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve?

A

Muscles of sole of foot and Lateral 1 1/2 digits

89
Q

Acupressure on what area can relieve headaches?

A

1st dorsal interosseus (LV3)

90
Q

Describe the arches of the foot

A

1) transverse 2) internal (medial) longitudinal 3) external (lateral) longitudinal

91
Q

If you break your medial cuniform and MT 1 and 2, what arch might be affected?

A

Medial longitudinal

92
Q

If you injure your spring ligament, would you most likely have eversion or inversion of the foot?

A

Eversion

93
Q

The lateral longtidual arch is supported by what CT and muscles?

A

CT: plantar aponeurosis, short and long plantar ligaments
M: Abductor digiti minimi, fib. brevus, longus, and tertius

94
Q

The transverse arch is supported by what CT and muscles?

A

CT: deep transverse ligaments
M: fib. longus and adductor hallucis

Anatomy II (6 decks)

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