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Anatomy II > Anatomy II Final The Brain > Flashcards

Anatomy II Final The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem

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2
Q

What are the superior and inferior landmarks for identifying the location of the spinal cord?

A

It begins at the foramen magnum and ends at L1 or L2

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3
Q

At the end of the spinal cord it narrows to a structure called the ______________. The spinal nerves continue along the same path and are called the ______________.

A

Conus Medullaris.

Cauda Equina

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4
Q

Name/locate the two enlargements (bulges) of the spinal cord? What is the function/reason for these enlargements?

A 
Cervical region (brachial plexus)
Lumbar region (lumbosacral plexus).
Contain motor and sensory nerves that come in and out of the spinal cord to supply the arms and legs respectively.
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5
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A

Extends from the apex of the conus medullaris.

CT filament that anchors the cord to the coccyx.

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6
Q

Describe what you would see in a cross section of the spinal cord?

A

Grey Matter - unmyelinated, inner H shaped portion
White Matter - myelinated, outer layer
Central Canal - filled with CSF, runs longitudinally along spinal cord
Dorsal Horns
Ventral Horns

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7
Q

Describe location and function of dorsal and ventral horns.

A

Dorsal horns = posterior portions of gray matter = receive input from sensory nerves.
Ventral horns = anterior portions of gray matter = send out messages through motor nerves
(Anterior = Action)

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8
Q

What are the portions of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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9
Q

What is the difference between the medulla oblongata and the spinal cord?

A

Medulla oblongata becomes spinal cord at foramen magnum

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10
Q

Can you survive an injury of the medulla oblongata? Why or why not?

A

No, almost always fatal.
Centers for autonomic control of respiration, cardiac center, vasomotor (vasoconstrict, vasodilate) center, and reflex centers

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11
Q

What structure is formed in between the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum?

A

4th ventricle

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12
Q

The medulla oblongata houses nuclei for which cranial nerves? What is it’s other claim to fame?

A 
CN IX, X, XI, XII.
Contains pyramids (corticospinal tracts) and decussation of the pyramids (where motor fibers from the left hemisphere cross to the right and v. versa).
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13
Q

Pons means bridge. Why is this an appropriate name for this part of the brain?

A

It contains fiber tracts connecting the medulla and cerebellum with upper portions of the brain.

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14
Q

What is the impact of an injury to the pons?

A

Injury to respiratory centers that work with medulla.

Contains nuclei for CN V (motor), VI, VII, and part of VIII.

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15
Q

What are the 5 structures of the midbrain?

A 
Cerebral peduncles
Substantia Nigra
Corpora quadrigemina
Nuclei for CN III, IV, and V (sensory)
Cerebral aqueduct
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16
Q

What is function of cerebral peduncles?

A

Connecting tracts from pons to cerebellum

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17
Q

What does Substantia Nigra produce?

A

Dopamine (reward/addiction and movement)

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18
Q

What are the Corpora Quadrigemina?

A

4 bumps. Make up superior and inferior colliculi.

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19
Q

Damage to the cerebellum would result in what deficits?

A

Lack of coordination in gait
Difficulty learning motions
Poor balance/posture
Difficulty with speech

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20
Q

Does the cerebellum initiate motions?

A

No, but fine tunes them.

21
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

22
Q

What connects the hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus Callosum

23
Q

What are sulci? What are gyri?

A

Gyri are convolutions of cortex (hills)
Sulci are fissures/gaps between gyri.
Sulci divide lobes of brain.

24
Q

What fissure divides brain into right and left halves?

A

Longitudinal fissure

25
Q

What fissure/sulcus separates temporal from frontal lobes?

A

Lateral (Sylvian) fissure

26
Q

What fissure/sulcus separates frontal from parietal lobes?

A

Central sulcus

27
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

Sensorimotor ingegration and perceptive qualities of our experiences

28
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for primary motor activation, behavior, and speech production?

A

Frontal

29
Q

The parietal lobe of the brain performs what functions?

A

Primary somatosensory & proprioception
Association of somatosensory, vision, and audition
Egocentric space and sense of self.

30
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe of the brain?

A

Vision

31
Q

The temporal lobe is responsible for what functions?

A

Audition, olfactory, memory

32
Q

The _____________ homunculus is represented on the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

A

Sensory

Posterior = sensory

33
Q

The _____________ homunculus is represented on the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

A

Motor

Anterior = motor (Go, Front)

34
Q

Why would a stroke in the thalamus of the brain be particularly devastating? What would the result be?

A

Very small area with high concentration of functions. Injury would result in damage to integration and relay of all sensory stimuli (except olfactory) to specific cortical areas.

35
Q

Where is the hypothamalus located?

A

Comprises walls and floor of third ventricle

36
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus? What does it produce?

A 
HY: Water balance (hydrate)
PO: Produce Oxytocin
T: Thirst
H: Heat (body temperature)
A: ADH
L: Link (integrate) ANS
37
Q

Name and function of CN I

A

Olfactory n. - sense of smell

38
Q

Roman numeral and function of Oculomotor n.

A

CN III - Innervates sup. inf. and med. rectus, inf oblique, and levator palpebrae superioris.
Pupil constriction

39
Q

What nerve’s function is to innervate the lateral rectus of the eye?

A

CN VI - abducens n.

40
Q

What is CN II and what does it do?

A

Optic n. - sense of sight, transmits retinal images back to the occipital lobe of the brain.

41
Q

What does the Trochlear n. do and what is its roman numeral?

A

CN IV. Innervates sup oblique m.

42
Q

What nerve provides sensory innervation to most of the face and motor innervation to the muscles of mastication? What is its other function?

A

CN V - Trigeminal n.

Responsible for corneal reflex.

43
Q

What is the name and what are the functions of CN VII?

A

Facial n.
Motor innerv. to muscles of facial expression
Parasympathetic motor innerv to lacrimal gland and most of sinuses, taste

44
Q

What does the Glossopharyngeal n. do and what is its roman numeral?

A

CN IX
Sensory innerv. for carotid bodies/sinus, posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx and middle ear, and taste from anterior 1/3 of tongue. Motor innerv. to stylopharyngeus m and parotid gland.

45
Q

What is CN VIII? What does it split into?

A

Vestibulococchlear (Auditory) n.

(1) Vestibular n. (determines head position/acceleration info from inner ear)
(2) Cochlear n. (processes sensation of sound information from inner ear)

46
Q

What are two notable branches of CN VII?

A

(1) N. to stapedius m. (innerv. stapedius m. of middle ear)

(2) Chordia Tympani – provides special sense innerv. from anterior 2/3 of tongue

47
Q

What is Dr. Anaya’s favorite nerve and what does it do?

A

CN X - Vagus n.
Efferent parasymp. innerv. to all organs below the neck, down to the proximal half of trans. colon (except adrenal glands).
Motor innerv. muscles of larynx, cricothyroid, and pharyngeal constrictors.

48
Q

How would you test the Accessory nerve? Why?

A

Ask patient to contract sternocleidomastoid and trapezius against resistance.

CN XI provides motor innerv. to these muscles.

49
Q

What CN provides motor innervation to all muscles of the tongue except for palatoglossus muscle?

A

CN XII - Hypoglossal n.

Anatomy II (6 decks)

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