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Reproduction & Sexual Health > Anatomy & Histology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the inguinal ligament attach between?

A

ASIS and pubic tubercle

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2
Q

which anatomical landmark is your ‘sit bones’?

A

ischial tuberosities

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3
Q

What are the 3 main joints associated with the pelvis?

A

sacroiliac joint
hip joint
pubic symphysis

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4
Q

Which joint(s) assoc. with the pelvis is synovial?

A

sacroiliac (mostly synovial, posterior part = syndesmosis)

hip joint

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5
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

secondary cartilaginous

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6
Q

which ligaments strengthen the joints of the bony pelvis? where do they attach between?

A

sacrospinous (sacrum & ischial spine) and sacrotuberous (sacrum & ischial tuberosity)

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7
Q

What foramina are formed by the 2 pelvic ligaments?

A

greater & lesser sciatic foramen

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8
Q

What is the function of the 2 ligaments which strengthen the pelvis?

A

ensures the inferior part of the sacrum isn’t pushed superiorly when weight is suddenly transferred vertically through the vertebral column
e.g. when jumping / in late pregnancy.

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9
Q

describe a straddle injury of the pelvis.

A

fracture of all 4 pubic rami

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10
Q

Describe the difference between the male and female pelvis.

A

AP and transverse diameters are > than male pelvis.

The subpubic angle & pubic arch is wider in female than male.

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11
Q

What is “moulding” in regards to foetal skulls? What anatomical feature allows this to happen?

A

the movement of one bone over another to allow the foetal head to pass through the pelvis during labour.
the sutures and fontanelles (soft spots) allow the bones to do this.

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12
Q

Which area is the vertex of the foetal skull?

A

the area outlined by the anterior and posterior fontanelles and the parietal eminences

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13
Q

Which diameter of the foetal skull is longer than the other?

A

occipitofrontal diamter > biparietal

foetal head is longer than it is wide

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14
Q

Name for the dense connective tissue layer in the outer shell of the ovarian cortex.

A

tunica albuginea

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15
Q

What is the germinal epithelium?

A

a single layer of cuboidal cells which covers the tunica albuginea

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16
Q

What is the name of the dominant follicle?

A

Graafian

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17
Q

Describe the formation of oogonia.

A

During early embryonic development, germ cells from the yolk sac invade the ovaries and proliferate by mitosis to form oogonia.

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18
Q

Describe the formation of oocytes.

A

Oogonia undergo development and division via meiosis to form mature oocytes (aka. ova)

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19
Q

What is folliculogenesis?

A

growth of the follicle (consists of the oocyte and any associated support cells)

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20
Q

What is atresia?

A

loss of oogonia and oocytes via an apoptosis-based process

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21
Q

What makes up the primordial follicle?

A

primary oocyte + squamous cells

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22
Q

When the follicle enters growth phase, the pre-granulosa cells turn from squamous to what?

A

cuboidal cells.

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23
Q

Name the layer that forms in between the growing oocyte and its granulosa cells.

A

zona pellucida

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24
Q

What space forms within the granola layer? What does this form?

A

the antrum begins to form and enlarge in the granulosa layer - it contains follicular fluid and forms a secondary follicle.

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25
Q

what structure attaches the oocyte to the wall in a mature graafian follicle?

A

cumulus oophorus

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26
Q

Imminent rupture of a follicle is preceded by visualisation of?

A

the follicular stigma

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27
Q

What is the term for the oocyte and granolas cells once it has been released (ovulation)?

A

corona radiata

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28
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if no implantation occurs?

A

it will become white coloured connective tissue = corpus albicans (basically scar tissue)

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29
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum when implantation occurs?

A

placenta secretes HCG which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum for a time and so maintains progesterone levels (maintains the pregnancy).

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30
Q

Describe the epithelium in the uterine tubes.

A

simple columnar epithelium ciliated cells
secretory cells
highly folded mucosa in ampulla
smooth muscle in ampulla

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31
Q

What are the layers of the uterine wall?

A 
Endometrium = inner secretory mucosa (shed during periods)
Myometrium = 3 SM layers + collagen + elastic tissue. 
Perimetrium = outer visceral covering of loose CT covered by mesothelium
32
Q

What is mesothelium?

A

flattened squamous-type epithelium

33
Q

What is the endometrium divided into?

A

stratum functionalis

stratum basalis

34
Q

Which layer of endometrium is shed monthly?

A

stratum functionalis - basalis regenerates it each month.

35
Q

when does the proliferative phase end?

A

around 1 day after ovulation

36
Q

Describe the appearance of glands during the secretory phase.

A

coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen

37
Q

Describe the stratum functionalis during the menstrual phase.

A

arterioles constrict –> ischaemia of tissue –> breakdown, blood leakage and sloughing.

38
Q

Describe the epithelium in the cervix.

A

mostly fibrous CT covered by stratified squamous epithelium on its vaginal surface.
transitions to mucous secreting simple columns epithelium

39
Q

Describe the secretions of the endocervical glands during the different phases of the menstrual cycle.

A

proliferative phase - thin & watery

post-ovulation - thick and viscous

40
Q

What happens when the outlets of the endocervical glands become blocked?

A

results in expansion and formation of Nabothian cysts.

41
Q

Describe the 4 layers of the vagina.

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium.
Lamia propria
Fibromuscular layer
Adventitia

42
Q

Describe the lamina propria.

A

connective tissue rich in elastic fibres and thin-walled blood vessels.

43
Q

Describe the appearance of the outermost layer of the vagina during reproductive years.

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium - thicker and cells are enlarged due to glycogen accumulation (gives clear appearance).

44
Q

There are no glands in the wall of the vagina. How does it stay lubricated?

A

mucous from cervical glands and fluid from the thin walled blood vessels of the lamina propria

45
Q

How is the glycogen present within the walls of the vagina involved in host defence?

A

commensal bacteria metabolise the glycogen to lactic acid which inhibits growth of pathogenic bacteria.

46
Q

Skin containing highly oblique hair follicles, overlying a substantial subcutaneous fat pad which itself overlies the pubic symphysis.

A

mons pubis

47
Q

which sweat glands are abundant in the labia majora??

A

apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands

48
Q

Hair follicles are present all over the labia majora.

T/F?

A

False - only on outer surface

49
Q

Where in the body would you find apocrine sweat glands?

A

axilla, groin and labia majora

50
Q

Thin skin folds that lack subcutaneous fat and hair follicles but are rich in vasculature and sebaceous glands.

A

labia minora

51
Q

Describe the secretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands in the external genitalia.

A

sebum secreted directly onto surface of skin (unusual)

52
Q

From which artery do the major arteries of the pelvis and perineum arise from?

A

internal iliac artery

53
Q

There are 2 lateral pelvic wall arteries that are exceptions to normal rule of their origin.Which arteries are these and where do they arise from?

A

gonadal artery - L2 abdominal aorta

superior rectal artery - continuation of IMA (L3)

54
Q

The arteries supplying the pelvis have a posterior and anterior division. What are the main branches of the posterior division?

A

gluteal arteries

55
Q

What is the remnant of the umbilical artery called?

A

median umbilical ligament

56
Q

Which artery is part of the anterior division of pelvic arteries and exits the pelvis via greater sciatic foramen and re-enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen?

A

internal pudendal artery

57
Q

List the anterior division pelvic arteries in males.

A 
obturator artery
superior and inferior vesical arteries 
prismatic branch of inferior vesicle artery 
middle rectal artery
internal pudendal artery
median umbilical ligament
58
Q

Which artery supplies the corpus spongiosum and glans penis?

A

dorsal artery

59
Q

Which artery supplies the corpus cavernosum?

A

deep artery (branch of internal pudendal)

60
Q

Which artery in the male perineum is the exception to rule of origins? Where does it come from?

A

anterior scrotal artery is branch of external iliac artery

61
Q

Which artery needs to ligated during hysterectomy? What do surgeons need to watch out for?

A

uterine artery
ureter is in very close proximity to artery
water under bridge

62
Q

What is the difference that is seen in male and female pelvic arterial supplies?

A

males have superior and inferior vesical arteries
females only have superior vesical arteries
vaginal artery (branch of uterine artery) is said to be the equivalent of the male inferior veiscal artery

63
Q

What are the main anastomoses in the female pelvis?

A

uterine & ovarian artery

uterine & vaginal artery

64
Q

List the main branches of the internal pudendal artery.

A

inferior rectal
perineal
labial arteries
dorsal artery of clitoris

65
Q

Which vein do most venous plexuses of the pelvis drain to?

A

internal iliac vein

66
Q

Which veins drain to the hepatic portal system?

A

superior rectal veins –> splenic vein –> hepatic portal system

67
Q

Where do the lateral sacral veins drain to?

A

lateral sacral veins –> internal vertebral venous plexuses –> within vertebral canal

68
Q

describe the route of the gonadal veins

A

right gonadal vein –> IVC

left gonadal vein –> left renal vein –> IVC

69
Q

Which nerves of the lateral wall are parasympathetic?

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

70
Q

Name all the lymphatics of the pelvis.

A 
para-rectal 
sacral
superficial inguinal 
deep inguinal 
external iliac
internal iliac
common iliac 
inferior mesenteric
lumbar
71
Q

Describe the route of lymph from superior pelvic viscera.

A

External iliac nodes –> common iliac –> aortic –> thoracic duct –> venous system

72
Q

Describe the route of lymph from inferior pelvic viscera.

A

Deep perineum –> internal iliac nodes –> common iliac –> aortic –> thoracic duct –> venous system

73
Q

Describe the route of lymph from superficial perineum.

A

Superficial inguinal nodes –> external iliac –> common iliac –> aortic –> thoracic duct –> venous system

74
Q

Which structures of the superficial perineum are exceptions for lymph drainage and go to the deep inguinal nodes first?

A

clitoris and glans penis

75
Q

what is trans-peritoneal spread?

A

disease can penetrate through the peritoneal layer and disseminate into the peritoneal cavity

Reproduction & Sexual Health (15 decks)

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