Anatomy - Hip, Gluteal region and Thigh

Question 1

List the major parts of the distal end of the femur

Answer 1

Medial epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Lateral epicondyle

Question 2

Which structures run between the trochanters of the femur?

Answer 2

Posterior aspect: intertrochanteric crest

Anterior aspect: intertrochanteric line

Question 3

Give four ligaments of the hip joint and describe their functions

Answer 3

Ligament of the head of the femur
Iliofemoral - prevents hyperextension
Pubofemoral - prevents hyperextension and over abduction
Ischiofemoral - prevents hyperextension

Question 4

Which structures attach to the greater trochanter of the femur?

Answer 4

Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Piriformis
Ischiofemoral ligament
Superior and inferior gemelli muscles
Obturator internus

Question 5

Which structures attach to the intertrochanteric line?

Answer 5

iliofemoral ligament

pubofemoral ligament

Question 6

Which structure attaches to the lesser trochanter of the femur?

Answer 6

Iliopsoas tendon

Question 7

Which structure attaches to the intertrochanteric crest?

Answer 7

Quadratus femoris

Question 8

Where does the gluteus maximus attach?

Answer 8

Gluteal tuberosity; proximal continuation of the lateral border of the linea aspera of the femur

Question 9

Which structure attaches to the adductor tubercle?

Answer 9

Adductor magnus

Question 10

Describe the structure and function of the acetabular labrum

Answer 10

Fibrocartilaginous

Deepens the acetabulum to give greater stability to the hip joint

Question 11

Which muscle is the main extensor of the hip?

Answer 11

Gluteus maximus

Question 12

Which nerves innervate the gluteal muscles?

Answer 12

Inferior gluteal nerve (S1-S2)
 - gluteus maximus
Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1)
 - gluteus medius
 - gluteus minimus
 - tensor fascial latae

Question 13

What are the actions of glut medius and minimus?

Answer 13

Abduction and medial rotation of the hip

Question 14

What are the actions of tensor fascia latae?

Answer 14

Flexion of the hip, and stabilisation of the extended knee

Question 15

List the lateral rotator muscles of the hip

Answer 15

Piriformis
Superior gemellus
Obturator internus
Inferior gemellus
Quadratus femoris

Question 16

Which nerves innervate the lateral rotators of the hip?

Answer 16

Piriformis - anterior rami of S1-S2
Superior gemellus - nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)
Obturator internus - nerve to obturator internus (L5-S1)
Inferior gemellus - nerve to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)
Quadratus femoris - nerve to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)

Question 17

What other action do the lateral hip rotators perform?

Answer 17

Abduction of the hip

Question 18

Describe the innervation of the anterior thigh

Answer 18

All are innervated by the femoral nerve (L2-L3) except psoas major which is innervated by the anterior rami of L1-L3

Question 19

Describe the action(s) of the quadriceps femoris muscles

Answer 19

Extention of the knee and stabilisation of the patella

Rectus femoris also flexes the hip joint

Question 20

What are the actions of iliopsoas?

Answer 20

Hip flexion and lateral rotation

Question 21

What are the actions of Pectineus?

Answer 21

Adduction and flexion of the hip

Question 22

What are the actions of Sartorius?

Answer 22

Flexion, abduction and lateral rotation of the hip

Flexion of the knee

Question 23

Which four muscles make up Quadriceps femoris?

Answer 23

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedialis
Vastus medialis

Question 24

Describe the innervation of the medial thigh muscles

Answer 24

All are innervated by the obturator nerve (L2 - L4)

Question 25

List the muscles in the medial thigh

Answer 25

Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Obturator externus
Gracillis

Question 26

Describe the actions of the medial thigh muscles

Answer 26

Most adduct the hip
Adductor longus also medially rotates the hip
Obturator externus laterally rotates the hip
Gracillis also flexes the knee

Question 27

Which three muscles make up the hamstrings?

Answer 27

Semitendinosus
Semimembranous
Biceps femoris (long and short heads)

Question 28

Describe the innervation of the hamstrings

Answer 28

All are innervated by the tibial division of the sciatic nerve (L5 - S2)…
… except the short head of biceps which is innervated by the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve (L5 - S2)