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Anatomy > Anatomy - Hand > Flashcards

Anatomy - Hand Flashcards

1
Q

The Ulnar side is which side of the hand?
The radial side is which side of the hand?
The Palmer side is which side of the hand?
The dorsal side is which side of the hand?

A

Pinky side
Thumb side
Palm of hand
Back of hand

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2
Q

What are the joints between the carpals and metacarpals called? (with short hand)

A

Carpo-metacarpal joints (CMC joints)

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3
Q

What are the joints between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges called? (with short hand)

A

Metacarpo-phalangael joints (MP joints)

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4
Q

What are the joints called between proximal and distal phalanges called? (with short hand)

A

Interphalangael joints (IP)

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5
Q

What does PIP and DIP mean?

A

Distal interphalangael (DIP) joint is the one nearest the tips of the fingers
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint is the middle joint in the fingers

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6
Q

Where are the 2 bony projections on each side of the hand and what do they do?

A

Radial side - Tubercle of scaphoid, Crest of trapezium
Ulnar side - Pisiform, the hook on the hamate
They form the base and side walls of a space called the carpal tunnel

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7
Q

What are the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints hidden by?

A

Their heavy capsular ligaments

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8
Q

Where do the bases of the 4 finger metacarpals articulate?
Where does the base of the thumb metacarpal articulate?

A

Distal row of carpal bones
Trapezium

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9
Q

How much movement do the CMC joints allow for?

A

Small movement

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10
Q

Describe the mobility of the metacarpals.

A

5th MC - most mobile
4th MC - less mobile
3rd MC - hardly moves
2nd MC - hardly moves

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11
Q

What does the transverse metacarpal ligament do?

A

It keeps the heads of the 4 fingers from spreading apart

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12
Q

Does the palmer plate connect to the first metacarpal?

A

No

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13
Q

The proximal and middle phalanges are flattened on what aspect?

A

Flexor aspect

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14
Q

Where is the sheath that surrounds the flexor tendons attached?

A

To the ridges

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15
Q

The tips of the distal phalanx’s are what?

A

Flattened

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16
Q

How many planes is the articular surface of the MC head curved in and what are the planes?

A

2
Side to side - front to back

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17
Q

The base of the ……………….. has a concave articular surface that’s also curved in two planes.

A

Proximal phalanx

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18
Q

The shape of the bones allows for a wide range of what movements at the MP joints?

A

Flexion and extension

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19
Q

Why is the capsule on the MP joints loose at the back?

A

To allow the joint to flex

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20
Q

On the front of the MP joints, the capsule thickens into what?

A

The palmer plate

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21
Q

The palmar plate moves along with the proximal phalanx when the joint does what movement?

A

Flexes

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22
Q

Does the deep transverse ligament attach to the palmer plate?

A

Yes

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23
Q

How many massive collateral ligaments are there? Where do the collateral ligaments run?
What do the collateral ligaments do?

A

2
Obliquely from the back of the metacarpal head to the front of the base of the proximal phalanx
Hold the MP joint together

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24
Q

When are the collateral ligaments loose and when are they tight?

A

Loose - joint is extended
Tight - joint is flexed

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25
Q

When the collateral ligaments are tight, what does this prevent?

A

Side to side movement

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26
Q

What is the anatomical term for spreading all of the fingers?

A

Abduction

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27
Q

What is the anatomical term for bringing all the fingers together?

A

Adduction

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28
Q

When speaking of an individual finger, what is the anatomical terms for side to side movement?

A

Ulnar deviation
Radial deviation

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29
Q

What movements do the proximal and distal IP joint allow?

A

Flexion and extension

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30
Q

The head of the phalanx is curved mainly from where to where?

A

Front to back

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31
Q

What is the one difference between the capsule of the IP joint and MP joint?

A

Collateral ligaments

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32
Q

What joint gives the thumb its special position and a great deal of it mobility?

A

The first carpometacarpal joint

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33
Q

Where does the 1st CMC joint sit in comparison to the others?

A

In front and at an angle

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34
Q

Where does the thumb face and why?

A

Faces sideways because of the angle of the CMC joint

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35
Q

What 2 planes is the trapezium curved in?

A

Side to side
Back to front

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36
Q

How is the base of the first MC curved and what does this enable?

A

In 2 planes
Enables movement in 2 planes, away from the 2nd MC called abduction, towards the 2nd MC called adduction

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37
Q

What is opposition?

A

A combination of abduction, flexion, medial rotation of the thumb

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38
Q

What do the sliding structures do in the hand?

A

Guide the direction of pull of the tendons as they cross the wrist joint and pass along the fingers

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39
Q

What are the 2 big pulleys at the wrist?

A

Flexor retinaculum
Extensor retinaculum

40
Q

Describe the flexor retinaculum.

A
  • A tough, unyielding strap of fibrous tissue
  • Forms the roof of the carpal tunnel
41
Q

Where is the flexor retinaculum attached?

A

Radial side to the scaphoid and the trapezium
Ulnar side to the pisiform and hook of the hamate

42
Q

What goes through the carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve
All 4 flexor tendons to the fingers and thumb

43
Q

How many places does the flexor retinaculum branch off in and where and why does it do this?

A
  • 2
  • To enclose 2 small separate tunnels
  • One superficial and on the ulnar side which encloses the ulnar artery and nerve
    One on the radial side encloses the tendon of flexor carpi radialis
44
Q

Where is the extensor retinaculum?

A

On the dorsal aspect of the wrist

45
Q

Where does the extensor retinaculum run?

A

Obliquely along the radius to the ulnar styloid, the triquetrum, the hamate

46
Q

Where are the extensor retinaculum’s deep extensions attached and what do they do?

A

The underlying radius
Divide the space under the retinaculum into several small separate tunnels

47
Q

What passes under the extensor retinaculum?

A

All three wrist extensors, all the extensor tendons to the fingers and thumb

48
Q

What does the flexor tendon sheath provide?

A

The 2 two flexor tendons with a smoothly lined, tightly enclosing tunnel to run in

49
Q

Where does the flexor tendon sheath start and end?

A

Starts just proximal to MP joint, Extends to the distal phalanx

50
Q

Describe the flexor tendon sheath.

A

Parts of it thick and fibrous
Parts of it thin and collapsible

51
Q

Describe the palmer fascia.

A

Triangular sheet of fibrous tissue
Continuous with the flexor retinaculum and tendon of palmaris longus
Skin of the palm is firmly attached to it

52
Q

What is the palmer fascia’s purpose?

A

Protect underlying nerves, tendons and vessels

53
Q

What two muscles produce flexion of the fingers?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor digitorum superficialis

54
Q

Where does the flexor digitorum profundus arise and insert and how many tendons does it have?

A

Arises from the anterior and medial surface of the ulna, interosseous membrane
Inserts onto base of the distal phalanges; 2,3,4,5
4

55
Q

What are the 2 heads of the flexor digitorum called and where do they arise and insert?

A
  • Radial head
    Arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, adjoining ulna
    Inserts onto the sides of middle phalanges; 2,3,4,5
  • Humero-ulnar head
    Arises from an oblique line on the radius
    Inserts onto the sides of middle phalanges; 2,3,4,5
56
Q

What passes through the gap between the radial head and humero-ulnar head of the flexor digitorum superficialis?

A

Median and ulnar artery

57
Q

The profundus tendons give rise to 4 intrinsic muscles, what are they called?

A

The lumbricals

58
Q

What is the large muscle that extends all 4 fingersand where does it arise and insert?

A

Extensor digitorum
Arises from the common extensor tendon, lateral epicondyle
Inserts onto the extensor expansions; 2,3,4,5

59
Q

What is the extensor muscle that extends the little finger and where does it arise and insert?

A

Extensor digiti minimi
Arises from the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum
Inserts extensor expansion; 5

60
Q

What is the extensor muscle that extends the index fingers and where does it arise and insert?

A

Extensor indicis
Arises from the ulna and interosseous membrane
Inserts onto the extender expansion on index finger

61
Q

What do the interosseous muscles have major jobs in doing?

A

Extending the IP joints

62
Q

What is the long flexor of the thumb called and where does it arise and insert?

A

Flexor pollicis longus
Arises from the anterior surface of the radius, Interosseous membrane
Inserts onto the palmar surface of distal phalanx of thumb

63
Q

What is the long abductor muscle of the thumb called and where does it arise and insert?

A

Abductor pollicis longus
Arises from the posterior surface of proximal half of radius, ulna and interosseus membrane
Inserts onto the trapezium

64
Q

What are the 2 extensors of the thumb and where do they arise and insert?

A
  • Extensor pollicis longus
    Arises from the middle third of the posterior surface of ulna, mostly along its radial border
    Inserts onto the distal phalanx of thumb
  • Extensor pollicis brevis
    Arises from the base of the proximal phalanx
    Inserts onto the proximal phalanx of thumb
65
Q

What does the extensor pollicis longus extend?

A

Extends the IP joint and the MP joint of the thumb

66
Q

What does the extensor pollicis brevis extend?

A

Extends the MP joint

67
Q

What are the 4 groups that the intrinsic muscles put into?

A

Interosseous muscles, Lumbricals, Short muscles of the thumb, Short muscles of the little finger

68
Q

How many interossei are there and where are they?

A

7
One for each side of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th fingers and one for the radial side of the little finger

69
Q

Where does the short and long part of the interosseous muscles insert?

A

Short part inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx
Long part inserts onto the distal phalanx

70
Q

When two interossie contract together what is their action?
When the interossie contract separately what is their action?

A
  • Flex the MP joint, extend the IP joints
  • Ulnar deviation or radial deviation at the MP joint
71
Q

Which interosseous muscles are unusually large and where does it arise?

A

Radial side of the index finger
Arises from the first and second MC

72
Q

What movement does the first dorsal interosseous muscle produce?

A

Powerfully radial deviation of the index finger

73
Q

How many lumbricals are there and where do they arise?

A

One for each finger
The side of one or both of the adjoining flexor digitorum profundus tendons

74
Q

What is the action of the lumbricals?

A

Reinforces the action of the interossei in extending the IP joints, also assist in radial deviation of MP joint

74
Q

What is the action of the lumbricals?

A

Reinforces the action of the interossei in extending the IP joints, also assist in radial deviation of MP joint

75
Q

What are the 4 short muscles of the thumb?

A

Adductor pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

76
Q

What do the opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis brevis make up?

A

Thenar eminence

77
Q

Where does abductor pollicis brevis arise and insert?

A

Arises from the Trapezium and flexor retinaculum
Inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

78
Q

Where does the flexor pollicis brevis arise and insert?

A

Arises from the flexor retinaculum and trapezoid
Inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

79
Q

Where does opponens pollicis arise and insert?

A

Arises from the trapezium, flexor retinaculum
Inserts along the radial side of the first metacarpal

80
Q

What actions do the thenar muscles do?

A

Abduction, flexion, rotation, opposition

81
Q

What muscles make up the hypo-thenar eminence?

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi

82
Q

Where does the abductor digiti minimi arise and insert?

A

Arises from the pisiform
Inserts partly into the base of the proximal phalanx and partly into the extensor mechanism

83
Q

Where does the flexor digiti minimi arise and insert?

A

Arise from the hamate, flexor retinaculum
Inserts near the abductor on the proximal phalanx

84
Q

Where does the opponens digiti minimi arise and insert?

A

Arises from the hook of the hamate
Inserts along the ulnar side of the fifth metacarpal

85
Q

What actions does the abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi do?

A

Abductor digiti minimi - Same as the interosseous muscle
Flexor digiti minimi - Flex MP joint
Opponens digiti minimi - Flexion of the 5th MC at the CMC joint

86
Q

What is the anagram used to remember the carpal bones?

A

Some - Scaphoid
Lovers - Lunate
Try - Triquetrum
Positions - Pisiform
That - Trapezium
They - Trapezoid
Can’t - Capitate
Handle - Hamate

From thumb to finger - Proximal to distal

87
Q

What kind of joint is the 1 CMC joint?

A

Saddle

88
Q

What kind of joint is the 2-5th CMC joint?

A

Normal joints

89
Q

What kind of joint is the MCP joint?

A

Condyloid

90
Q

What kind of joint is the IP joint?

A

Hinge

91
Q

What kind of joint is the midcarpal joint?

A

Gliding

92
Q

What kind of joint is the intercarpal joint?

A

Gliding

93
Q

What kind of joint is the intermetacarpal joint?

A

Gliding

94
Q

What are all of the extrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

Flexor digiturum superficialis
Flexor digiturum profundus
Extensor digiturum
Extensor digit minimi
Extensor indices
Flexor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus and brevis
Abductor pollicis longus

95
Q

What are all of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

A

Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Flexor digit minimi brevis

96
Q

What is the anagram to remember the thenar and hypo-thenar muscles?

A

F - flexor pollicis brevis
O - opponents pollicis
A - abductor pollicis brevis

F - flexor digiti minimi brevis
O - opponens digiti minimi
A - abductor digiti minimi

Anatomy (9 decks)

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