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Anatomy - Hand Flashcards

1
Q

The Ulnar side is which side of the hand?
The radial side is which side of the hand?
The Palmer side is which side of the hand?
The dorsal side is which side of the hand?

A

Pinky side
Thumb side
Palm of hand
Back of hand

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2
Q

What are the joints between the carpals and metacarpals called? (with short hand)

A

Carpo-metacarpal joints (CMC joints)

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3
Q

What are the joints between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges called? (with short hand)

A

Metacarpo-phalangael joints (MP joints)

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4
Q

What are the joints called between proximal and distal phalanges called? (with short hand)

A

Interphalangael joints (IP)

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5
Q

What does PIP and DIP mean?

A

Distal interphalangael (DIP) joint is the one nearest the tips of the fingers
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint is the middle joint in the fingers

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6
Q

Where are the 2 bony projections on each side of the hand and what do they do?

A

Radial side - Tubercle of scaphoid, Crest of trapezium
Ulnar side - Pisiform, the hook on the hamate
They form the base and side walls of a space called the carpal tunnel

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7
Q

What are the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints hidden by?

A

Their heavy capsular ligaments

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8
Q

Where do the bases of the 4 finger metacarpals articulate?
Where does the base of the thumb metacarpal articulate?

A

Distal row of carpal bones
Trapezium

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9
Q

How much movement do the CMC joints allow for?

A

Small movement

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10
Q

Describe the mobility of the metacarpals.

A

5th MC - most mobile
4th MC - less mobile
3rd MC - hardly moves
2nd MC - hardly moves

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11
Q

What does the transverse metacarpal ligament do?

A

It keeps the heads of the 4 fingers from spreading apart

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12
Q

Does the palmer plate connect to the first metacarpal?

A

No

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13
Q

The proximal and middle phalanges are flattened on what aspect?

A

Flexor aspect

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14
Q

Where is the sheath that surrounds the flexor tendons attached?

A

To the ridges

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15
Q

The tips of the distal phalanx’s are what?

A

Flattened

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16
Q

How many planes is the articular surface of the MC head curved in and what are the planes?

A

2
Side to side - front to back

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17
Q

The base of the ……………….. has a concave articular surface that’s also curved in two planes.

A

Proximal phalanx

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18
Q

The shape of the bones allows for a wide range of what movements at the MP joints?

A

Flexion and extension

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19
Q

Why is the capsule on the MP joints loose at the back?

A

To allow the joint to flex

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20
Q

On the front of the MP joints, the capsule thickens into what?

A

The palmer plate

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21
Q

The palmar plate moves along with the proximal phalanx when the joint does what movement?

A

Flexes

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22
Q

Does the deep transverse ligament attach to the palmer plate?

A

Yes

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23
Q

How many massive collateral ligaments are there? Where do the collateral ligaments run?
What do the collateral ligaments do?

A

2
Obliquely from the back of the metacarpal head to the front of the base of the proximal phalanx
Hold the MP joint together

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24
Q

When are the collateral ligaments loose and when are they tight?

A

Loose - joint is extended
Tight - joint is flexed

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25
When the collateral ligaments are tight, what does this prevent?
Side to side movement
26
What is the anatomical term for spreading all of the fingers?
Abduction
27
What is the anatomical term for bringing all the fingers together?
Adduction
28
When speaking of an individual finger, what is the anatomical terms for side to side movement?
Ulnar deviation Radial deviation
29
What movements do the proximal and distal IP joint allow?
Flexion and extension
30
The head of the phalanx is curved mainly from where to where?
Front to back
31
What is the one difference between the capsule of the IP joint and MP joint?
Collateral ligaments
32
What joint gives the thumb its special position and a great deal of it mobility?
The first carpometacarpal joint
33
Where does the 1st CMC joint sit in comparison to the others?
In front and at an angle
34
Where does the thumb face and why?
Faces sideways because of the angle of the CMC joint
35
What 2 planes is the trapezium curved in?
Side to side Back to front
36
How is the base of the first MC curved and what does this enable?
In 2 planes Enables movement in 2 planes, away from the 2nd MC called abduction, towards the 2nd MC called adduction
37
What is opposition?
A combination of abduction, flexion, medial rotation of the thumb
38
What do the sliding structures do in the hand?
Guide the direction of pull of the tendons as they cross the wrist joint and pass along the fingers
39
What are the 2 big pulleys at the wrist?
Flexor retinaculum Extensor retinaculum
40
Describe the flexor retinaculum.
- A tough, unyielding strap of fibrous tissue - Forms the roof of the carpal tunnel
41
Where is the flexor retinaculum attached?
Radial side to the scaphoid and the trapezium Ulnar side to the pisiform and hook of the hamate
42
What goes through the carpal tunnel?
Median nerve All 4 flexor tendons to the fingers and thumb
43
How many places does the flexor retinaculum branch off in and where and why does it do this?
- 2 - To enclose 2 small separate tunnels - One superficial and on the ulnar side which encloses the ulnar artery and nerve One on the radial side encloses the tendon of flexor carpi radialis
44
Where is the extensor retinaculum?
On the dorsal aspect of the wrist
45
Where does the extensor retinaculum run?
Obliquely along the radius to the ulnar styloid, the triquetrum, the hamate
46
Where are the extensor retinaculum's deep extensions attached and what do they do?
The underlying radius Divide the space under the retinaculum into several small separate tunnels
47
What passes under the extensor retinaculum?
All three wrist extensors, all the extensor tendons to the fingers and thumb
48
What does the flexor tendon sheath provide?
The 2 two flexor tendons with a smoothly lined, tightly enclosing tunnel to run in
49
Where does the flexor tendon sheath start and end?
Starts just proximal to MP joint, Extends to the distal phalanx
50
Describe the flexor tendon sheath.
Parts of it thick and fibrous Parts of it thin and collapsible
51
Describe the palmer fascia.
Triangular sheet of fibrous tissue Continuous with the flexor retinaculum and tendon of palmaris longus Skin of the palm is firmly attached to it
52
What is the palmer fascia's purpose?
Protect underlying nerves, tendons and vessels
53
What two muscles produce flexion of the fingers?
Flexor digitorum profundus Flexor digitorum superficialis
54
Where does the flexor digitorum profundus arise and insert and how many tendons does it have?
Arises from the anterior and medial surface of the ulna, interosseous membrane Inserts onto base of the distal phalanges; 2,3,4,5 4
55
What are the 2 heads of the flexor digitorum called and where do they arise and insert?
- Radial head Arises from the medial epicondyle of the humerus, adjoining ulna Inserts onto the sides of middle phalanges; 2,3,4,5 - Humero-ulnar head Arises from an oblique line on the radius Inserts onto the sides of middle phalanges; 2,3,4,5
56
What passes through the gap between the radial head and humero-ulnar head of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
Median and ulnar artery
57
The profundus tendons give rise to 4 intrinsic muscles, what are they called?
The lumbricals
58
What is the large muscle that extends all 4 fingersand where does it arise and insert?
Extensor digitorum Arises from the common extensor tendon, lateral epicondyle Inserts onto the extensor expansions; 2,3,4,5
59
What is the extensor muscle that extends the little finger and where does it arise and insert?
Extensor digiti minimi Arises from the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum Inserts extensor expansion; 5
60
What is the extensor muscle that extends the index fingers and where does it arise and insert?
Extensor indicis Arises from the ulna and interosseous membrane Inserts onto the extender expansion on index finger
61
What do the interosseous muscles have major jobs in doing?
Extending the IP joints
62
What is the long flexor of the thumb called and where does it arise and insert?
Flexor pollicis longus Arises from the anterior surface of the radius, Interosseous membrane Inserts onto the palmar surface of distal phalanx of thumb
63
What is the long abductor muscle of the thumb called and where does it arise and insert?
Abductor pollicis longus Arises from the posterior surface of proximal half of radius, ulna and interosseus membrane Inserts onto the trapezium
64
What are the 2 extensors of the thumb and where do they arise and insert?
- Extensor pollicis longus Arises from the middle third of the posterior surface of ulna, mostly along its radial border Inserts onto the distal phalanx of thumb - Extensor pollicis brevis Arises from the base of the proximal phalanx Inserts onto the proximal phalanx of thumb
65
What does the extensor pollicis longus extend?
Extends the IP joint and the MP joint of the thumb
66
What does the extensor pollicis brevis extend?
Extends the MP joint
67
What are the 4 groups that the intrinsic muscles put into?
Interosseous muscles, Lumbricals, Short muscles of the thumb, Short muscles of the little finger
68
How many interossei are there and where are they?
7 One for each side of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th fingers and one for the radial side of the little finger
69
Where does the short and long part of the interosseous muscles insert?
Short part inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx Long part inserts onto the distal phalanx
70
When two interossie contract together what is their action? When the interossie contract separately what is their action?
- Flex the MP joint, extend the IP joints - Ulnar deviation or radial deviation at the MP joint
71
Which interosseous muscles are unusually large and where does it arise?
Radial side of the index finger Arises from the first and second MC
72
What movement does the first dorsal interosseous muscle produce?
Powerfully radial deviation of the index finger
73
How many lumbricals are there and where do they arise?
One for each finger The side of one or both of the adjoining flexor digitorum profundus tendons
74
What is the action of the lumbricals?
Reinforces the action of the interossei in extending the IP joints, also assist in radial deviation of MP joint
74
What is the action of the lumbricals?
Reinforces the action of the interossei in extending the IP joints, also assist in radial deviation of MP joint
75
What are the 4 short muscles of the thumb?
Adductor pollicis Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis
76
What do the opponens pollicis, abductor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis brevis make up?
Thenar eminence
77
Where does abductor pollicis brevis arise and insert?
Arises from the Trapezium and flexor retinaculum Inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
78
Where does the flexor pollicis brevis arise and insert?
Arises from the flexor retinaculum and trapezoid Inserts onto the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb
79
Where does opponens pollicis arise and insert?
Arises from the trapezium, flexor retinaculum Inserts along the radial side of the first metacarpal
80
What actions do the thenar muscles do?
Abduction, flexion, rotation, opposition
81
What muscles make up the hypo-thenar eminence?
Abductor digiti minimi Flexor digiti minimi Opponens digiti minimi
82
Where does the abductor digiti minimi arise and insert?
Arises from the pisiform Inserts partly into the base of the proximal phalanx and partly into the extensor mechanism
83
Where does the flexor digiti minimi arise and insert?
Arise from the hamate, flexor retinaculum Inserts near the abductor on the proximal phalanx
84
Where does the opponens digiti minimi arise and insert?
Arises from the hook of the hamate Inserts along the ulnar side of the fifth metacarpal
85
What actions does the abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, and opponens digiti minimi do?
Abductor digiti minimi - Same as the interosseous muscle Flexor digiti minimi - Flex MP joint Opponens digiti minimi - Flexion of the 5th MC at the CMC joint
86
What is the anagram used to remember the carpal bones?
Some - Scaphoid Lovers - Lunate Try - Triquetrum Positions - Pisiform That - Trapezium They - Trapezoid Can't - Capitate Handle - Hamate From thumb to finger - Proximal to distal
87
What kind of joint is the 1 CMC joint?
Saddle
88
What kind of joint is the 2-5th CMC joint?
Normal joints
89
What kind of joint is the MCP joint?
Condyloid
90
What kind of joint is the IP joint?
Hinge
91
What kind of joint is the midcarpal joint?
Gliding
92
What kind of joint is the intercarpal joint?
Gliding
93
What kind of joint is the intermetacarpal joint?
Gliding
94
What are all of the extrinsic muscles of the hand?
Flexor digiturum superficialis Flexor digiturum profundus Extensor digiturum Extensor digit minimi Extensor indices Flexor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus and brevis Abductor pollicis longus
95
What are all of the intrinsic muscles of the hand?
Flexor pollicis brevis Abductor pollicis brevis Opponens pollicis Flexor digit minimi brevis
96
What is the anagram to remember the thenar and hypo-thenar muscles?
F - flexor pollicis brevis O - opponents pollicis A - abductor pollicis brevis F - flexor digiti minimi brevis O - opponens digiti minimi A - abductor digiti minimi

Anatomy (9 decks)

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