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Anatomy > Anatomy General Lectures > Flashcards

Anatomy General Lectures Flashcards

1
Q

Injury to spinal nerve vs. peripheral nerve

A 
Spinal nerve --> one dermatome affected
Peripheral nerve (e.g. cut in surgery) --> multiple dermatomes affected if nerve formed from multiple spinal nerves merging in plexus
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2
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit?

A

BELOW the vertebra it’s named for, EXCEPT cervical region

Through intervertebral foramen

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3
Q

Heart coverings - superficial to deep

A 
Fibrous layer
Parietal pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Myocardium (muscle)
Endocardium
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4
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Parietal + visceral pericardium

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5
Q

Path of coronary circulation

A

Aorta –> right & left coronary arteries –> coronary veins –> coronary sinus –> right atrium

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6
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

In arterioles, control blood flow to tissues

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7
Q

Venous Return - 3 factorsq

A
  1. Valves prevent backflow
  2. Arterio-venous coupling: 2 veins on either side of artery, flow helped by artery pulsing
  3. Muscle pump- contracted skeletal muscle
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8
Q

Collateral circulation

A

Created by anastamoses - circulation in an area where a number of pathways reach the same tissue
Joints/brain

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9
Q

Number of spinal nerves

A

31

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

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10
Q

Spinal cord- dorsal v ventral

A

Dorsal - afferent sensory (up the back)
Ventral - efferent motor (out the front)
Dorsal ramus only supplies back, ventral ramus forms plexus

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11
Q

Radiculopathy

A

Compression of spinal nerve roots –> referred pain

type of disk herniation

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12
Q

Myelopathy

A

Compression of spinal cord (type of herniated disk)

Bilateral symptoms

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13
Q

Borders of Femoral Triangle

A 
Sup: Inguinal ligament (ASIS --> pubis)
Lat: Sartorius
Med: Adductor longus
Floor: Iliopsoas & Pectineus
Roof: Fascia lata
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14
Q

Contents of Femoral Triangle

A

NAVEL (Femoral nerve, artery, vein, empty space in canal, lymph nodes)
Saphenous nerve
Profunda femoris & branches

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15
Q

Borders of Adductor Canal

A

Sup-Inf: apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus
Roof: Sartorius
Med-lat: Add longus/magnus on medial side, vastus medius on lateral side

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16
Q

Contents of adductor canal

A

Femoral artery & vein, saphenous nerve, nerve to vastus medius

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17
Q

Functional Joint Categories (3)

A

Diarthroses
Amphiarthrosis
Synarthroses (no mvt)

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18
Q

Joint mobility depends on

A
  1. Congruency/bony fit

2. Binding tissues (loose or tight)

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19
Q

Structural Joint Categories (3)

A
  1. Fibrous (sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses)
  2. Cartilaginous (synchondroses, symphysis)
  3. Synovial (diarthroses)
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20
Q

Suture

A 
Fibrous joint (dense fibrous connective tissue)
Skull, no mvt
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21
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Fibrous joint
Interosseous membranes- joining adjacent bones
- May allow a lot (forearm) or very little (tibia/fibula) movement

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22
Q

Gomphosis

A

Fibrous joint

Bind teeth to mandible & maxilla

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23
Q

Hyaline Cartilage Joints

A

In adult, only 2:

  1. 1st sternocostal joint (between the 1st rib & sternum)
  2. Costochondral joints (ribs/costal cartilages)
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24
Q

Fibrocartilage Joints (2)

A
  1. Intervertebral disks
  2. Pubic symphysis
    Some movement
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25
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Made of hyaline cartilage

  1. Decrease friction
  2. Reduce stress (absorb some/deform)
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26
Q

Synovial fluid

A
  1. Reduces friction

2. Nourishes articular cartilage & joint structures (b/c poor blood supply)

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27
Q

Crepitis

A

Sound of cartilage or bone rubbing

  • Articular cartilage or bone spurs
  • If no pain, it’s fine
28
Q

Dislocation types

A

Luxation - total incongruence

Subluxation - joint slid partially out, can often be popped back in

29
Q

Sprain v Strain

A

Sprain - tear ligaments/joint capsule

Strain - tear muscle/tendon

30
Q

Plane joint

A

2 flat surfaces gliding

Ex: Intercarpal & intertarsal joints, vertebrae

31
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Uniaxial
Bone/ligament completely surrounding other bone
Ex: proximal radioulnar joint, atlas & axis (C1 rotates about dens of C2)

32
Q

Hinge joint

A

Uniaxial
Piece of bone wraps around cylinder shape
Ex: elbow, talocrural joint

33
Q

Condyloid/Ellipsoid Joint

A

Biaxial, 2 plane mvt
Egg shape convex surface
Ex: Knee (bicondylar), metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP)

34
Q

Saddle Joint

A

2 concave surfaces
Biaxial, 2 plane mvt
Ex: carpometacarpal thumb joint

35
Q

Ball & Socket Joint

A

Triplanar mvt, spheroidal joint

Ex: shoulder, hip (glenohumeral, femoroacetabular)

36
Q

Canaliculi

A

Canals left in bone matrix when osteoblast processes shrink into osteocytes
Nutrients diffuse through them

37
Q

Lacuna

A

Space for osteocyte cell to live, left when osteoblast shrinks in mature bone

38
Q

Osteon

A

Functional unit of bone

Matrix & osteocytes arranged around a central capillary in Haversian canal

39
Q

Volkmann canal

A

Transverse canal connecting central Haversian canals in bone

Run from medullary cavity or periosteum, supply blood to central capillaries

40
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Loose fibrous CT

Disorganized, forms lamina propria under epithelium, surrounds capillaries & organs

41
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Loose fibrous CT

Very little intercellular space, adipose cells

42
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Loose fibrous CT
Looks similar to areolar but with reticular fibers (made of collagen fibrils)
In bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes

43
Q

Dense Regular CT

A

Dense fibrous
Ordered arrangement of collagen, resists tension in 1/few directions
- tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

44
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A

Dense fibrous
Collagen fibers less ordered
Fibrous joint capsules, dermis of skin, periosteum

45
Q

Elastic CT

A

Dense fibrous
Primarily elastic fibers
Walls of arteries, trachea, ligmentum nuchae (extension of supraspinous ligament)q

46
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

40% collagen, 60% gel

articular cartilage, synchondroses, embryonic precursor to bone

47
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

70% collagen, 10% elastin, 20% gel

Fibrocartilage pads & symphyses/syndesmoses

48
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Mostly elastin

Epiglottis & outer ears

49
Q

Connective Tissue - 4 types

A
  • Fibrous (areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)
  • Cartilage (hyaline, fibrous, elastic)
  • Bone
  • Blood
50
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic origin of connective tissue

51
Q

Skeletal System - 5 functions

A
  1. Structure/support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Calcium storehouse
  5. Blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
52
Q

Blood supply to bone

A
  1. Periosteal vessels (small, abundant, on outsides)
  2. Nutrient Arteries (through nutrient foramen to medullary cavity)
  3. Epiphyseal Vessels (many holes pierce epiphyses)
53
Q

Bone matrix composition

A
  1. Collagen - 25-30%
  2. Gel Substance - 5% (GAG- Glycosaminoglycan)
  3. Calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite) - 65-70%
54
Q

Affect on bone if diet poor in

  1. Protein
  2. Vitamin C
  3. Calcium
  4. Vitamin D
A
  1. collagen down –> brittle
  2. collagen down –> brittle, scurvy
  3. Ca down –> compliant
  4. Ca down –> compliant
55
Q

Osteomalatia vs. Rickett’s

A

Deficiency in vitamin D/calcium, bowlegged
Adults - osteomalatia
Children - Rickett’s

56
Q

Bone Composition - Children

A

Less % mineral –> more compliant, greenstick fractures/partial breaks
More osteoblast activity –> bones heal faster

57
Q

Parathyroid effect on bone density

A

blood Ca2+ falls –> increase parathormone –> osteoclast activity up
Negative feedback shuts off parathormone

58
Q

Estrogen effect on bone density

A

Inhibits osteoclasts

Sharp decline in bone mass in females > 50

59
Q

Mesotendineum

A

Blood vessels feeding tendon (in tendon sheath)

60
Q

Osteotendinous Junction - 4 layers

A

Collagen
Fibrocartilage
Mineralized Fibrocartilage
Bone (Sharpey’s collagen fibers project into bone)

61
Q

Dermatome

A

Cutaneous region innervated by one spinal nerve

62
Q

Lymphatic System Functions (3)

A
  • Immune defense
  • Cardiovascular homeostasis (maintain blood volume, prevent edema)
  • Fat reabsorption from gut
63
Q

Lymph vessels (small to large)

A
  1. Initial lymph vessel (anchoring filaments, inlet valves, for reabsorption)
  2. Precollectors (absorption, some smooth muscle for transport)
  3. Collecting vessels (smooth muscle –> transport)
  4. Trunks
  5. Right Lymphatic & Thoracic Ducts
64
Q

Path of lymph

A

Right upper quadrant –> Right lymphatic duct
Everything else –> thoracic duct
venous angle (internal jugular & subclavian veins) –> heart

65
Q

Lymph similarities to veins

A
  • Valves prevent backflow
  • Pressure gradient system
  • Superficial & deep systems (lymph shunts deep –> superficial, veins shunt superficial to deep)
66
Q

Lymph similarities to arteries

A

Lymph angions - Has smooth muscle to contract

Anatomy (7 decks)

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