Anatomy General Lectures Flashcards
Injury to spinal nerve vs. peripheral nerve
Spinal nerve --> one dermatome affected Peripheral nerve (e.g. cut in surgery) --> multiple dermatomes affected if nerve formed from multiple spinal nerves merging in plexus
Where do spinal nerves exit?
BELOW the vertebra it’s named for, EXCEPT cervical region
Through intervertebral foramen
Heart coverings - superficial to deep
Fibrous layer Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium (epicardium) Myocardium (muscle) Endocardium
Serous pericardium
Parietal + visceral pericardium
Path of coronary circulation
Aorta –> right & left coronary arteries –> coronary veins –> coronary sinus –> right atrium
Precapillary sphincters
In arterioles, control blood flow to tissues
Venous Return - 3 factorsq
- Valves prevent backflow
- Arterio-venous coupling: 2 veins on either side of artery, flow helped by artery pulsing
- Muscle pump- contracted skeletal muscle
Collateral circulation
Created by anastamoses - circulation in an area where a number of pathways reach the same tissue
Joints/brain
Number of spinal nerves
31
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
Spinal cord- dorsal v ventral
Dorsal - afferent sensory (up the back)
Ventral - efferent motor (out the front)
Dorsal ramus only supplies back, ventral ramus forms plexus
Radiculopathy
Compression of spinal nerve roots –> referred pain
type of disk herniation
Myelopathy
Compression of spinal cord (type of herniated disk)
Bilateral symptoms
Borders of Femoral Triangle
Sup: Inguinal ligament (ASIS --> pubis) Lat: Sartorius Med: Adductor longus Floor: Iliopsoas & Pectineus Roof: Fascia lata
Contents of Femoral Triangle
NAVEL (Femoral nerve, artery, vein, empty space in canal, lymph nodes)
Saphenous nerve
Profunda femoris & branches
Borders of Adductor Canal
Sup-Inf: apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus
Roof: Sartorius
Med-lat: Add longus/magnus on medial side, vastus medius on lateral side
Contents of adductor canal
Femoral artery & vein, saphenous nerve, nerve to vastus medius
Functional Joint Categories (3)
Diarthroses
Amphiarthrosis
Synarthroses (no mvt)
Joint mobility depends on
- Congruency/bony fit
2. Binding tissues (loose or tight)
Structural Joint Categories (3)
- Fibrous (sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses)
- Cartilaginous (synchondroses, symphysis)
- Synovial (diarthroses)
Suture
Fibrous joint (dense fibrous connective tissue) Skull, no mvt
Syndesmosis
Fibrous joint
Interosseous membranes- joining adjacent bones
- May allow a lot (forearm) or very little (tibia/fibula) movement
Gomphosis
Fibrous joint
Bind teeth to mandible & maxilla
Hyaline Cartilage Joints
In adult, only 2:
- 1st sternocostal joint (between the 1st rib & sternum)
- Costochondral joints (ribs/costal cartilages)
Fibrocartilage Joints (2)
- Intervertebral disks
- Pubic symphysis
Some movement
Articular cartilage
Made of hyaline cartilage
- Decrease friction
- Reduce stress (absorb some/deform)
Synovial fluid
- Reduces friction
2. Nourishes articular cartilage & joint structures (b/c poor blood supply)
Crepitis
Sound of cartilage or bone rubbing
- Articular cartilage or bone spurs
- If no pain, it’s fine
Dislocation types
Luxation - total incongruence
Subluxation - joint slid partially out, can often be popped back in
Sprain v Strain
Sprain - tear ligaments/joint capsule
Strain - tear muscle/tendon
Plane joint
2 flat surfaces gliding
Ex: Intercarpal & intertarsal joints, vertebrae
Pivot Joint
Uniaxial
Bone/ligament completely surrounding other bone
Ex: proximal radioulnar joint, atlas & axis (C1 rotates about dens of C2)
Hinge joint
Uniaxial
Piece of bone wraps around cylinder shape
Ex: elbow, talocrural joint
Condyloid/Ellipsoid Joint
Biaxial, 2 plane mvt
Egg shape convex surface
Ex: Knee (bicondylar), metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP)
Saddle Joint
2 concave surfaces
Biaxial, 2 plane mvt
Ex: carpometacarpal thumb joint
Ball & Socket Joint
Triplanar mvt, spheroidal joint
Ex: shoulder, hip (glenohumeral, femoroacetabular)
Canaliculi
Canals left in bone matrix when osteoblast processes shrink into osteocytes
Nutrients diffuse through them
Lacuna
Space for osteocyte cell to live, left when osteoblast shrinks in mature bone
Osteon
Functional unit of bone
Matrix & osteocytes arranged around a central capillary in Haversian canal
Volkmann canal
Transverse canal connecting central Haversian canals in bone
Run from medullary cavity or periosteum, supply blood to central capillaries
Areolar tissue
Loose fibrous CT
Disorganized, forms lamina propria under epithelium, surrounds capillaries & organs
Adipose tissue
Loose fibrous CT
Very little intercellular space, adipose cells
Reticular tissue
Loose fibrous CT
Looks similar to areolar but with reticular fibers (made of collagen fibrils)
In bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes
Dense Regular CT
Dense fibrous
Ordered arrangement of collagen, resists tension in 1/few directions
- tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
Dense Irregular CT
Dense fibrous
Collagen fibers less ordered
Fibrous joint capsules, dermis of skin, periosteum
Elastic CT
Dense fibrous
Primarily elastic fibers
Walls of arteries, trachea, ligmentum nuchae (extension of supraspinous ligament)q
Hyaline Cartilage
40% collagen, 60% gel
articular cartilage, synchondroses, embryonic precursor to bone
Fibrocartilage
70% collagen, 10% elastin, 20% gel
Fibrocartilage pads & symphyses/syndesmoses
Elastic cartilage
Mostly elastin
Epiglottis & outer ears
Connective Tissue - 4 types
- Fibrous (areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular, elastic)
- Cartilage (hyaline, fibrous, elastic)
- Bone
- Blood
Mesenchyme
Embryonic origin of connective tissue
Skeletal System - 5 functions
- Structure/support
- Protection
- Movement
- Calcium storehouse
- Blood cell production (hematopoiesis)
Blood supply to bone
- Periosteal vessels (small, abundant, on outsides)
- Nutrient Arteries (through nutrient foramen to medullary cavity)
- Epiphyseal Vessels (many holes pierce epiphyses)
Bone matrix composition
- Collagen - 25-30%
- Gel Substance - 5% (GAG- Glycosaminoglycan)
- Calcium phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite) - 65-70%
Affect on bone if diet poor in
- Protein
- Vitamin C
- Calcium
- Vitamin D
- collagen down –> brittle
- collagen down –> brittle, scurvy
- Ca down –> compliant
- Ca down –> compliant
Osteomalatia vs. Rickett’s
Deficiency in vitamin D/calcium, bowlegged
Adults - osteomalatia
Children - Rickett’s
Bone Composition - Children
Less % mineral –> more compliant, greenstick fractures/partial breaks
More osteoblast activity –> bones heal faster
Parathyroid effect on bone density
blood Ca2+ falls –> increase parathormone –> osteoclast activity up
Negative feedback shuts off parathormone
Estrogen effect on bone density
Inhibits osteoclasts
Sharp decline in bone mass in females > 50
Mesotendineum
Blood vessels feeding tendon (in tendon sheath)
Osteotendinous Junction - 4 layers
Collagen
Fibrocartilage
Mineralized Fibrocartilage
Bone (Sharpey’s collagen fibers project into bone)
Dermatome
Cutaneous region innervated by one spinal nerve
Lymphatic System Functions (3)
- Immune defense
- Cardiovascular homeostasis (maintain blood volume, prevent edema)
- Fat reabsorption from gut
Lymph vessels (small to large)
- Initial lymph vessel (anchoring filaments, inlet valves, for reabsorption)
- Precollectors (absorption, some smooth muscle for transport)
- Collecting vessels (smooth muscle –> transport)
- Trunks
- Right Lymphatic & Thoracic Ducts
Path of lymph
Right upper quadrant –> Right lymphatic duct
Everything else –> thoracic duct
venous angle (internal jugular & subclavian veins) –> heart
Lymph similarities to veins
- Valves prevent backflow
- Pressure gradient system
- Superficial & deep systems (lymph shunts deep –> superficial, veins shunt superficial to deep)
Lymph similarities to arteries
Lymph angions - Has smooth muscle to contract
