Anatomy Final Flashcards
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How many adult skeleton contains how many total bones
206
How many bones are contained in the axial skeleton
80
List the 5 main parts to the axial skeleton and the bones and how many of each they contain
- Skull: 24 (cranium 8) (face 16)
- Hyoid: 1
- ossicles: 6
- thorax: 24 ribs 1 sternum
- vertebra: 26 bones
Cranial bones
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
How many total bones make up the appendicular skeleton
126 bones
What are the functions of the pectoral girdle
supports the upper limb, allows movement of upper limbs, points of muscle attachments
What bones make up the pectoral girdle
clavicle and scapula
Frontal
- 1 bone
- forehead, top of eye orbits, most of anterior skull
Humerous
2 bones- attaches to scapula at proximal ends and ulna and radius distally
ulna
2 bones, medial side of the body
parietal
- 2 bones
- most of the side of your head
radius
2 bones, lateral side of the body
temporal
- 2 bones
- inferior side of cranium
carpals
16 bones, at the wrist
occipital
- 1 bone
- forms base of skull
metacarpals
5 bones, palm of hand
sphenoid
- 1 bone
- join all other bones
phalanges
28 bones, the fingers
ethmoid
- 1 bone
- major supporting structure of nasal cavity
What two bones make up the elbow
humerous and ulna
functions of the pelvic girdle
provides a strong stable support for vertebral column, protect pelvic visceral organs, attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton
Coxal bones
3 separate bones fused together by age 23
ilium
the flat and longest part of coxal bone
Ischium
lower posterior part of the bone
Pubis
anterior and interior part of the hip bone
obturator foramen
hole in between pubis and ischium
difference between male and female pelvic girdle
male- heavy and thick, narrow with less space in pelvic inlet and outlet, acetabulum is larger and faces more laterally, obturator foramen is round, the pubic arch is less than 90 degrees
female- the pelvic area is thinner and lighter, wider with more space in the pelvic inlet and outlet, acetabulum is small and faces less laterally, obturator foramen is oval and the pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees
What is broken when a person is considered to have a “broken hip”
head of femur
What bones make up the lower limbs
30 bones on each side
femur (2)
patella (2)
Tibia (2)
fibula (2)
tarsals (14)
metatarsals (10)
phalanges (10)
Define endocrine
internal secretion
functions of hormones
maintain homeostasis, regulates activity of smooth and cardiac muscle, regulate metabolic process, controls growth and development, influences reproductive process, participates in circadian rhythms
steroid hormones
lipid soluble
ex) all sex hormones
amino acid hormones
water soluble
ex) epi, norepi, melatonin
2nd messenger system
steroid hormone entering a cell
-reach target cell and cross membrane
-binds with receptor protein in nucleus
-hormone- receptor complex activates mRNA synthesis
mRNA leaves nucleus- cytoplasm
translation-protein synthesis for hormone action
amino acid hormone entering a cell
-circulate in blood and bind to receptors molecules on cell membrane
-activates G proteins which activate molecules of adenylate cyclase which catalyses the conversion of ATP to cAMP
-cAMP promotes a serious of reaction leading to cellular changes associated with hormone actions
List the characteristics/symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes
-pancreas does not make insulin or very little (need insulin)
-affects 5-10 percent of people with diabetes
-could be autoimmune reaction or genetics
List the characteristics/ symptoms of Type 2 diabetes
-caused by insulin resistance cells do not respond normally to insulin
-pancreas over makes trying to respond
-obesity, inactivity, age/diet lifestyle
What hormone is responsible for causing Diabetes Insipidus
ADH
How does Diabetes Insipidus
large amounts of urine and extreme thirst
The organs of the nervous system can be divided into 2 groups
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
Central Nervous System
consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
includes the spinal and the cranial nerves
Nerve
bundle of axons in PNS
2 Subdivisions of the PNS
afferent- to go into division
efferent- to leave divison
What is the function of the sensory division of the nervous system
detects internal and external changes
The motor division of the PNS can be divided into
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
The SNS consists of sensory neurons that convey information to the CNS from
the skin, skeletal muscle, sensory organs, somatic receptors
the SNS consists of motor nerosons that conduct impulses from the CNS to ..
skeletal muscles
the ANS consists of motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to…
smooth, cardiac and glands
What subdivision of the PNS controls voluntary actions
SNS
What subdivision of the PNS controls involuntary actions
ANS
Specialized parts of the eye ears and nose
bipolar
the brain and spinal cord
multipolar
the ganglia of the spinal and cranial nerves
unipolar
parts of a neroun
cell body,dendrites, axon
4 major functions of the nervous system
1) reception of general sensory in fermentation
2) receiving and perceiving special sensations
3) integration of sensory information
4) response generation
3 Basic Groups neurons can be classified by functional differences
-sensory neurons
-inter
-motor
A branch of science that deals with the normal functioning and disorders of the nervous system
Neurology
A multilayered covering around axons made of lipids and proteins
Myelin
A small mass of nervous tissue
Ganglia
form the foundation for the blood/brain barrier
Astrocytes
Has dendrites and 1 arm that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body
Unipolar Neuron
Monitor changes in the external or internal environment
Sensory Receptors
Forms a membrane called the choroid plexus
Ependyma
Has one axon with several dendrites
Multipolar Neurons
Has one dendrite and one axon
Bipolar Neurons
surrounds the myelin sheath
Neurilmma
Produce myelin
Schwann cells
form the myelin in the brain and spinal cord
Oligodendrocytes
Gaps in the myelin sheath between Schwann cells
Nodes of Ranvier
Cells in the CNS that phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris
Microglia
A charge inside a cell is known as its…
membrane potential
the resting membrane potential of a neuron is
-70mV to -90mV
Inhibitory
Neurotransmitter that decreases the chance an impulse will occur
Presynaptic
Type of neuron that conducts impulses to the synapse
Neurotransmitters
General molecules that carry out synaptic transmission
Excitatory
Neurotransmitter that will increase the chance an impulse will occur
Postsynaptic
Type of neuron that receives the input at the synapse
Synaptic Transmission
the mechanism by which the impulse in the presynaptic neuron signals the postsynaptic cell
what hormones are from the PNS
Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine
what hormones are from the CNS
acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, GABA
