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Biology 181 > Anatomy Exam 4 > Flashcards

Anatomy Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the functions of the Urinary system

A 
Regulation of blood ionic composition 
Regulation of pH, osmolarity, glucose
Regulation of blood volume
Regulation of blood pressure
Release of erythropoietin and calcitriol
Excretion of wastes and foreign substances
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2
Q

What ions do the urinary system/Kidney regulates

A

Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl- and phosphate ions

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3
Q

How is the blood volume regulated

A

Conserving or eliminating water

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4
Q

How is the blood pressure regulated

A

Secreting the enzyme renin

Adjusting renal resistance

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5
Q

What are the 3 regions of the kidneys

A

Cortex, Medulla, and Pelvis

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6
Q

What is the renal cortex of the kidneys

A

Superficial Layer

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7
Q

What is the renal blood supply flow

A 
Abdominal Aorta
Renal Artery
Segmental Artery
Interlobar Artery
Arcuate artery
Cortico radial artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerular Capillaries
Efferent Arteriole
Cortico Radial Vein
Arcuate Vein
Interlobar Vein
Segmental Vein
Renal Vein
Inferior Vena Ceva
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8
Q

What is the renal medulla

A

Inferior to the Renal Cortex contains medullary/renal pyramids

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9
Q

What are the organs of the Urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

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10
Q

What is the renal cortex

A

Superficial layer of the kidney

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11
Q

What are the renal columns

A

Inward extension of cortical tissues that separates the renal medulla

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12
Q

How does the urine go from the kidneys to the ureter

A

The Minor Calyces is collected from the papillary ducts of the renal papilla.
Urine goes from the minor Calyces to the major Calyces to the renal pelvis and finally to the Ureter

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13
Q

What is contained in the renal pyramids

A

Parallel bundles of microscopic urine collecting tubules and capillaries

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14
Q

What kind of muscles is found in the calyces, renal pelvis and ureter

A

Smooth Muscle

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15
Q

What is the path of blood supply in the kindneys

A 
Aorta
Renal Artery
Segmental Artery
Interlobar Artery
Arcuate Artery
Cortical radiate artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus (capillaries)
Efferent Arteriole
Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta
Cortical radiate vein
Arcuate vein
Interlobar vein
Renal Vein
Inferior Vena Ceva
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16
Q

What are inside the renal corpuscle

A

Consist of capillaries called the glomerulus inside the glomerular capsule/Bowman’s capsule

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17
Q

Describe the Glomerulus

A

Fenestrated capillaries to allow solute rich protein free filtrate from the blood to the capillaries to make urine.
The capillaries vasoconstriction and vasodilation controls blood pressure

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18
Q

Where are Vasa recta and the peritubular capillaries found

A

The Vasa recta is part of the juxtamedullary nephron

The Peritubular capillaries are found in the cortical nephron

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19
Q

What does the Vasa Recta do

A

Supplies nutrients to medulla without disrupting its osmolarity form

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20
Q

What does the peritubular capillaries do

A

Carry away reabsorbed substances from filtrate

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21
Q

What is the renal corpuscle

A

Site of plasma filtration

Contains the Glomerulus and bowman

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22
Q

What does the urinary system

A

Filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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23
Q

What does the renal tubule do

A

Transports the filtrate from renal corpuscle
Contains:
Proximal convulated tubule
Loop of henle dips down into renal medulla

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24
Q

What are the 3 parts of the loop of henle

A

descending limbs, thin ascending limb and thick ascending limb

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25
Q

What is tubular reabsorption

A

Water and useful substances are reaborbed into the blood

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26
Q

What is the tubular secretion

A

Waste removed from the blood and secreted into urine

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27
Q

Efferent tubule gives rise to what

A

Pertitubular capillaries and Vasa recta

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28
Q

Juxtamedullary Nephron

A

15-20% of nephrons

Creates concentrated urine

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29
Q

Cortical Nephron

A

80-85% of nephrons

Lie mainly in cortex

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30
Q

What does podocytes do

A

Cover capillaries to form visceral layer

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31
Q

Where does the glomerular capillaries arise from

A

Afferent arteriole

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32
Q

What does the pedicel attach to

A

Podocytes

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33
Q

Where is the Macula Densa cell found

A

Distal convoluted Tube

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34
Q

Where is the juxtaglomerular cell found

A

Afferent arteriole

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35
Q

What are juxtagloerular cells

A

modified muscle cells

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36
Q

What is the percent of nephron dysfunction

A

25%

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37
Q

What is rate of excretion

A

Rate of filtration + rate of secretion - Reabsorption

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38
Q

What are the 3 basic process of nephrons and collecting ducts

A

Glomerular Filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular Secretion

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39
Q

Glomerular capillary BP is high due to

A

Small size of efferent arteriole

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40
Q

What is the Net Filtration pressure (NFP)

A

Total pressure that promotes filtration

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41
Q

What is normal Net filtration pressure

A

10mmHg

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42
Q

What are the effects of Epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) on BP

A

Increase

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43
Q

What are some variable affects of Epinephrine and Norephinephrine (NE)

A

Increase Cardiac Output ( HR and Contractility)

Increase Peripheral resistance ( Vasoconstriction)

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44
Q

Where is the site of action of Ephinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Heart (beta receptors)

Arterioles (alpha receptors)

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45
Q

What are the effects of Angiotensin II

A

Increase BP

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46
Q

What are some variable affects of Angiotensin II

A

Increase peripheral resistance (Vasoconstriction)

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47
Q

Where is the site of action of Angiotensin II

A

Arterioles

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48
Q

What are the effects of Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

Decrease BP

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49
Q

What are some variable affects of Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

Decrease peripheral resistance (Vasodilation)

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50
Q

Where is the site of action of Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

Arterioles

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51
Q

What are the effects of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Increase effects of BP

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52
Q

What are some variable affects of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Increase peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)

Increase Blood volume (decrease water loss)

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53
Q

Where is the site of action of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

Arterioles

Kidney Tubule Cells

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54
Q

Where is the site of action of Aldosterone

A

Kidney Tubule Cells

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55
Q

What are the effects of Aldosterone

A

Increase BP

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56
Q

What are some variable effects of Aldosterone

A

Increase blood volume (decrease salt and water loss)

reabsorption of Na+ and K+ excretion

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57
Q

What are the two types of water reabsorption

A

Obligatory and Facultative

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58
Q

What kind of water reabsorption does Aldosterone follow

A

Obligatory Osmosis

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59
Q

What kind of water reabsorption does ADH follow

A

Facultative Osmosis

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60
Q

Nephrons are mostly found in the

A

Cortical Nephron 80-85%

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61
Q

Histology: Proximal convoluted tububle

A

Simple Cuboidal with microvilli

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62
Q

Histology: Descending limb of loop of Henle

A

Simple squamous

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63
Q

Histology: Ascending Limb of loop of Henle

A

Simple cuboidal to low columnar

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64
Q

Histology: Distal convoluted Tubule

A

Simple cuboidal composed of principal and intercalated cells which have microvilli

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65
Q

What is the Macula Densa

A

Detects NA+ saturation levels

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66
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate in Males and Females

A

Male 125 mL/min

Female 105mL/ min

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67
Q

What is important of the Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Promotes Filtration

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68
Q

What are the mechanisms that regulate Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

Renal Autoregulation
Neural Regulation
Hormonal Regulation

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69
Q

What happens if the Glomerular Filtration Rate is to high

A

Increase speed of fluid through nephron

Unable to reabsorb substances into the urine

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70
Q

What happens if the Glomerular Filtration is to low

A

Decrease speed of fluid passage through nephron

Not enough waste products removed from the body

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71
Q

At what mmHg does the Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure prevents filtration

A

45mmHg

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72
Q

What is normal GBHP

A

55mm

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73
Q

What organ secretes Renin

A

Kidneys

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74
Q

What organ secretes Angiotensinogen

A

Liver

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75
Q

How is Angiotensin I created

A

Renin is sent to the Liver and coverts Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I

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76
Q

How is Angitotensin II

A

Angiotensin I goes to lung and ACE breaks Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II

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77
Q

What organ secretes Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

A

Lungs

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78
Q

Where does the Angiotensin II do

A

Goes to Adrenal Cortex to release Aldosterone
Posterior Pituitary to increase ADH
Goes to Aterioles to vasoconstrict
Goes to hypothalamus to increase blood volume

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79
Q

What organ release Aldosterone

A

Adrenal Cortex

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80
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Increase Na reabsorption by kidneys to assist with increase water reabsorption to increase blood volume
Increase secretion of K+ and H+

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81
Q

What does hormone ADH do

A

Increase water reabosrption by kidneys

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82
Q

Where does the largest amount of reabsorbtion occur

A

In the proximal convulated tubule

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83
Q

What is secreted in the Proximal Convulated Tubule

A

Ammonia (NH3+) and NH4+

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84
Q

What are the 3 layers in wall of the Ureters

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia

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85
Q

How long is the female Urethra

A

3-4 cm (1.5 inches)

86
Q

How long is the male Urethera

A

20cm (8 inches)

87
Q

What are the 3 regions of the male Urethra

A

Prostatic Urethra
Intermediate part of the (membranous) Urethra
Spongy (penile) Urethra

88
Q

What are the four task of the reproductive system

A

Create Gametes (male Sperm; Female Ova/Egg)
Bring the Gametes together via sexual intercourse
Combine genetic data via fertilization in a zygote
Support the fetus ( gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)

89
Q

What are the gonads

A

Sex organs
Males: Testes
Females: Ovaries

90
Q

What is the zygote

A

Earliest developmental stage.

Contains genetic information

91
Q

Where is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) created

A

Hypothalamus

92
Q

What does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone target

A

Anterior pituitary

93
Q

What does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone do

A

Indirectly release Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

94
Q

Where does the FSH and LH release from

A

Anterior pituitary

95
Q

What does the FSH do

A

Females: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogen
Males: Stimulates sperm production; stimulates spermatogenesis

96
Q

What does LH do

A

Females: Triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian produce of estrogen and progesterone
Males: Promotes Leydig cells testosterone production;

97
Q

What does FSH and LH target

A

Ovaries and testies

98
Q

Where is inhibin released

A

Released from Gonads, specifically sertoli cells:
Ovaries
Testies

99
Q

What does inhibin do

A

Negative feedback on FSH release which leads to decrease sperm productoin

100
Q

Pathway of the sperm flow through the ducts of the testes

A 
Seminiferous tubules
Straight tubules
Rete testis
Epididymis
Ductus deferens 
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra
101
Q

What are the 3 glands that empty secretion to the ducts of the penis

A

Seminal Glands
Prostate
Bulbo-urethral Glands

102
Q

What is the scrotum

A

Sac of skin that contains the testes

103
Q

What does the Dartos muscle do

A

Wrinkles the scrotum

104
Q

What does the Cremaster muscle do

A

Elevates the testes

105
Q

What is the most outer layer of the testes called

A

Tunica Vaginalis

106
Q

What is the fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes called

A

Tunica Albuginea

107
Q

What is the name of the site where sperm is created

A

The seminiferous tubules

108
Q

Where the seminiferous tubules found

A

inside the Tunica Albuginea

109
Q

What does Leydig cells secrete

A

Testosterone

110
Q

What does sertoli cells do

A

Form blood-testis barrier
Support developing sperm cells
Produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen
Secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH.

111
Q

What are parts of the sperm

A

Head
Midpiece
Tail

112
Q

Sperm: Head

A

Contains DNA

113
Q

Sperm: Acrosome

A

Top of the nucleus that contains hydrolytic enzyme that assist in penetrating the egg

114
Q

Sperm: Midpiece

A

Contains Mitochondria

115
Q

Sperm: Tail

A

Flagellum to move the sperm

116
Q

What is the negative feedback system to control blood levels of testosterone

A

Increase testosterone is detected
GnRH in the hypothalamus production is slowed
Decrease LH release in the anterior pituitary gland into the blood
Leydig cells in testes decrease the production of testosterone

117
Q

What is seman

A

Milky White, somewhat sticky mixture of accessory gland secretions and sperm.
Provides a transport medium that contains nutrients, clotting proteins and antibiotic seminalplasmin
Slightly akaline, milky and sticky

118
Q

What are the components of semen

A 
Prostglandins 
Relaxin
ATP
Ingredients to suppress immune response
Antibiotics
Clotting factors
119
Q

Seman: Prostglandins

A

Viscosity of mucus guarding the cervix of the vagina to decrease and facilitate reverse peristalsis

120
Q

Seman: Relaxin

A

For sperm mobility

121
Q

Seman: Clotting Factors

A

Coagulate and stick to the wall of the uterus.

122
Q

What is the male sexual response

A

Erection

Ejaculation

123
Q

What is the female sexual response

A

Increase blood flow to clitoris, vaginal mucosa, bulbs of the vestibule
Nipples become erect
Orgasm

124
Q

Sexual Response: Erection

A

Parasympathetic reflex
NO2 is released to penile blood vessels, dilating blood vessels and increasing blood flow.
Corpus Cavernosa and Corpus Spongiosum expands

125
Q

Sexual Response: Ejaculation

A

Sympathetic Control
Propulsion of seman from the male duct system.
Sphincter at base of bladder closes
Ductus Deferens, Prostate and Seminal Glands empty their content into prostatic urethra
Bulbospongiosus Muscles contracts to propel seman

126
Q

What is orgasm

A

Increase HR, muscle contraction, Elevated blood pressure.
Males have a refractory period
Females can have multiple at a time

127
Q

What is the Ductus deferens/Vas Deferens

A

transport sperm during ejaculation from the epididymis

128
Q

What is the Corpus Spongiosum

A

Erectile tissue mass that surrounds urethra.

Covered by bulbospongiosus muscle

129
Q

What is the Corpus Cavernosa

A

Erectile tissue mass, make most of penis.

Covered by ischiocavernosus muscle

130
Q

What is the ovaries

A

Females gonads that produce the female gametes and sex hormones estrogen and progestrone

131
Q

What are the other names for the Oviducts

A

Fallopian tube

Urterine Tubes

132
Q

What are the 3 regions of the Fallopian Tube

A

Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

133
Q

What is the infundibulum connected too

A

Fimbriae

134
Q

What is the Fimbriae

A

Moving ciliated finger-like projections

Moves the oocyte into the uterine tube

135
Q

What is the uterus

A

Hallow, thick-walled, muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum.

136
Q

What are the 3 parts of the uterus

A

Fundus, Body, Cervix

137
Q

Uterus: Fundus

A

Most superior portion of the Uterus

138
Q

Uterus: Body

A

Makes up most of the Uterus

139
Q

Uterus: Cervix

A

Narrow neck, or outlet which projects into the vagina inferiorly

140
Q

What are the 3 layers that make the uterus wall

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

141
Q

Uterus Wall: Perimetrium

A

Incomplete outermost serous layer

142
Q

Uterus Wall: Myometrium

A

Bulky middle layer
Contains smooth muscle
Contracts rhythmically to push baby out

143
Q

Uterus Wall: Endometrium

A

Mucosa that lines the uterine cavity
Contains 2 layers
Functional Layer
Basal Layer

144
Q

Endometrium: Functional layer

A

Undergoes Cyclic changes in response to blood hormones and shed during menstruation

145
Q

Endometrium: Basal Layer

A

Forms the the new functional layer

146
Q

What is the Mons Pubis

A

Fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis

At puberty, pubic hair grows

147
Q

What is the Labia Major

A

Hair covered fatty skin folds

Homologues to the male scrotum

148
Q

What is the Labia Minor

A

Enclosed by the Labia major

Homologues to the spongy urethra

149
Q

What is the Vagina

A

Thin walled tube that lies between the bladder and rectum.

Provides a passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow

150
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Vagina

A

Outer: Adventitia
Middle: Muscularis
Inner: Mucosa marked by transverse ridges to stimulate the penis

151
Q

What is the Vestibule of the Vagina

A

Area where the external openings of the urethra and vagina

152
Q

What is the Clitoris

A

Small protruding structure composed of erectile tissue
Two Parts:
Glans of the Clitoris
Covered by hood fold called prepuce of the clitoris
Contains nerve endings sensitive to touch

153
Q

What is the breast

A

Subcutaneous tissue contains mammary glands

154
Q

What is the mammary gland

A

Modified sweat glands that a present in both sexes but only lactates in females

155
Q

What is the Areola

A

Ring of pigmented skin
Contains sebaceous glands
produce sebum

156
Q

What is the nipple

A

Central protruding tissue

Milk comes out

157
Q

What is the Lactiferous Ducts

A

A duct that that opens outside of the nipple

158
Q

What is the lactiferous Sinus

A

Where milk collects during nursing

159
Q

How is the ovarian ligament anchored

A

Anchors Ovary medially to the uterus

160
Q

How is the suspensory ligament anchored

A

Anchors laterally to the pelvic wall

161
Q

What does the broad ligament do

A

Supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

162
Q

What is a follicles

A

Functional unit of the ovary

Provides developing oocytes and cells a place to communicate

163
Q

What is a primorial follice

A

Single layer of squamous pregranulosa cells surrounding in a primary oocyte

164
Q

What is primary follice

A

Have a single layer of cuboidal pre granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte.

165
Q

What is a secondary follice

A

Have multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte

166
Q

What is the Vesicular (antral) follicles (Graafian Follicle)

A

Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte inside the vesicular follicle resumes meiosis and becomes a secondary oocyte

167
Q

What is the antrum in the in the Graafian Follice

A

Fluid filled cavity

168
Q

What is ovulation

A

When a follicle (egg) goes from the ovary to the fallopian tube

169
Q

What is the zona pellucida

A

During the Primary Follicle stage, the oocytes release glycorichprotein that creates a extraceullar layer that encapsulates the oocytes

170
Q

What is the Corona Radiata

A

During the vesicular follicle, when the oocyte is surrounded by the granulosa cells

171
Q

What is cleavage

A

Period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote

172
Q

What is Chlamydia

A

Bacteria
Asymptomatic
Leads to sterility from scar tissue formation

173
Q

What is Gonorrhea

A

Bacteria
Discharge common
Blindness if newborn is infected during delivery

174
Q

What is syphilis

A

Bacteria
Painless sores (chancre)
2nd stage all organs involved
3rd stage organ degeneration is apparent (neurosyphilis)

175
Q

What is Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A

Virus
Most common
Genital Warts
Can assist in causing cancer

176
Q

Oral contraceptive

A

Progestrone & Estrogen pill

Negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to prevent secretion of FSH and LH

177
Q

Norplan

A

Surgically implanted capsules of progestin

Inhibiting ovulation for 5 years

178
Q

Intrauterine Devices (IUD)

A

Small object made of plastic, copper or steel left in cavity of uterus
Approved for 10 years

179
Q

Spermicides

A

Chemical substance in foam, cream, jelly or suppository that kill sperm upon contact

180
Q

Vasectomy

A

Removal portion of the vas deferens

181
Q

Tubal ligation

A

Uterine tubes are tied

182
Q

Rhythm method

A

Abstaining from intercourse when secondary oocyte is likely

183
Q

Withdrawal method

A

Withdraw before ejaculation

184
Q

What is Cryptorchidism

A

Testes do not descend into the scrotum

Cause Sterility and greater risk of testicular cancer

185
Q

In males how many functional sperms is created after Meiosis 2

A

4

186
Q

In females how many functional eggs is created after Meiosis 2

A

1

187
Q

What does seminiferous tubules contain

A

Spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa
Supporting cells: Sertoli Cells

188
Q

Spermatogonium

A

Stem cell 46 (2n)

189
Q

What does sertoli cells do

A

Form blood-testis barrier
support developing sperm cells
produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen
secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH

190
Q

Primary spermatocyte is dipolid or haploid

A

Diploid

191
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

maturation of spermatids into sperm cells

192
Q

Spermiation

A

Release of sperm cell from a setoli (sustentacular) cell

193
Q

What is the spermatic cord

A 
Testicular artery
Pampiniform plexus of veins
Autonomic nerves
Lymphatic vessels
Vas Deferences/ Ducturs deferens 
Cremaster muscle
194
Q

What does the seminal vesicles secretes

A

Secretes alkaline, viscous fluid
neutralizes vaginal acid & male urethra
contains fructose for ATP production
contains prostaglandins stimulate sperm motility and Viablity
Contains clotting proteins for coagulation of seman

195
Q

What does prostates gland secrete

A

Secretes pH 6.5 fluid that:
Increases sperm motility and viability
contains citric acid for ATP production and enzymes for seminal liquefacation
Prostate gland enlarges with age

196
Q

Normal sperm count

A

50million to 150 million/ml

197
Q

What is the ampulla

A

Central region of tube

198
Q

What is isthus

A

Narrowest portion joints uterus

199
Q

How long does it take to fertilization

A

24 hours after ovulation

200
Q

How long does it take for the zygote reach the uterus

A

7 days after ovulation

201
Q

Female: Ovary

A

Male :Testies

202
Q

Female: Bartholin’s Gland

A

Male: Cowper’s galnd

203
Q

Female: Labia Majora

A

Male: Scrotum

204
Q

Female: Labia Minora

A

Male: Ventral Penis

205
Q

Female: Clitoris

A

Male: Penis

206
Q

Female: Clitoral Hood

A

Male: Foreskin

207
Q

Female: Clitoral Glan

A

Male: Glans Penis

208
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterine tube/Fallopian Tube

A

Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

209
Q

Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube: Mucosa

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium with secretory cells provide nutrients and cilia

210
Q

Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube: Muscularis

A

Circular and longitudinal Smooth muscle

211
Q

Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube: Serous

A

Outer serous membrane

212
Q

What does the ovarian ligament attach too

A

Anchors ovary medially to the uterus

Biology 181 (4 decks)

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