Anatomy Exam 4 Flashcards
What are the functions of the Urinary system
Regulation of blood ionic composition Regulation of pH, osmolarity, glucose Regulation of blood volume Regulation of blood pressure Release of erythropoietin and calcitriol Excretion of wastes and foreign substances
What ions do the urinary system/Kidney regulates
Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl- and phosphate ions
How is the blood volume regulated
Conserving or eliminating water
How is the blood pressure regulated
Secreting the enzyme renin
Adjusting renal resistance
What are the 3 regions of the kidneys
Cortex, Medulla, and Pelvis
What is the renal cortex of the kidneys
Superficial Layer
What is the renal blood supply flow
Abdominal Aorta Renal Artery Segmental Artery Interlobar Artery Arcuate artery Cortico radial artery Afferent arteriole Glomerular Capillaries Efferent Arteriole Cortico Radial Vein Arcuate Vein Interlobar Vein Segmental Vein Renal Vein Inferior Vena Ceva
What is the renal medulla
Inferior to the Renal Cortex contains medullary/renal pyramids
What are the organs of the Urinary system
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra
What is the renal cortex
Superficial layer of the kidney
What are the renal columns
Inward extension of cortical tissues that separates the renal medulla
How does the urine go from the kidneys to the ureter
The Minor Calyces is collected from the papillary ducts of the renal papilla.
Urine goes from the minor Calyces to the major Calyces to the renal pelvis and finally to the Ureter
What is contained in the renal pyramids
Parallel bundles of microscopic urine collecting tubules and capillaries
What kind of muscles is found in the calyces, renal pelvis and ureter
Smooth Muscle
What is the path of blood supply in the kindneys
Aorta Renal Artery Segmental Artery Interlobar Artery Arcuate Artery Cortical radiate artery Afferent arteriole Glomerulus (capillaries) Efferent Arteriole Peritubular capillaries/Vasa recta Cortical radiate vein Arcuate vein Interlobar vein Renal Vein Inferior Vena Ceva
What are inside the renal corpuscle
Consist of capillaries called the glomerulus inside the glomerular capsule/Bowman’s capsule
Describe the Glomerulus
Fenestrated capillaries to allow solute rich protein free filtrate from the blood to the capillaries to make urine.
The capillaries vasoconstriction and vasodilation controls blood pressure
Where are Vasa recta and the peritubular capillaries found
The Vasa recta is part of the juxtamedullary nephron
The Peritubular capillaries are found in the cortical nephron
What does the Vasa Recta do
Supplies nutrients to medulla without disrupting its osmolarity form
What does the peritubular capillaries do
Carry away reabsorbed substances from filtrate
What is the renal corpuscle
Site of plasma filtration
Contains the Glomerulus and bowman
What does the urinary system
Filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion
What does the renal tubule do
Transports the filtrate from renal corpuscle
Contains:
Proximal convulated tubule
Loop of henle dips down into renal medulla
What are the 3 parts of the loop of henle
descending limbs, thin ascending limb and thick ascending limb
What is tubular reabsorption
Water and useful substances are reaborbed into the blood
What is the tubular secretion
Waste removed from the blood and secreted into urine
Efferent tubule gives rise to what
Pertitubular capillaries and Vasa recta
Juxtamedullary Nephron
15-20% of nephrons
Creates concentrated urine
Cortical Nephron
80-85% of nephrons
Lie mainly in cortex
What does podocytes do
Cover capillaries to form visceral layer
Where does the glomerular capillaries arise from
Afferent arteriole
What does the pedicel attach to
Podocytes
Where is the Macula Densa cell found
Distal convoluted Tube
Where is the juxtaglomerular cell found
Afferent arteriole
What are juxtagloerular cells
modified muscle cells
What is the percent of nephron dysfunction
25%
What is rate of excretion
Rate of filtration + rate of secretion - Reabsorption
What are the 3 basic process of nephrons and collecting ducts
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular reabsorption
Tubular Secretion
Glomerular capillary BP is high due to
Small size of efferent arteriole
What is the Net Filtration pressure (NFP)
Total pressure that promotes filtration
What is normal Net filtration pressure
10mmHg
What are the effects of Epinephrine and norepinephrine (NE) on BP
Increase
What are some variable affects of Epinephrine and Norephinephrine (NE)
Increase Cardiac Output ( HR and Contractility)
Increase Peripheral resistance ( Vasoconstriction)
Where is the site of action of Ephinephrine and Norepinephrine (NE)
Heart (beta receptors)
Arterioles (alpha receptors)
What are the effects of Angiotensin II
Increase BP
What are some variable affects of Angiotensin II
Increase peripheral resistance (Vasoconstriction)
Where is the site of action of Angiotensin II
Arterioles
What are the effects of Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Decrease BP
What are some variable affects of Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Decrease peripheral resistance (Vasodilation)
Where is the site of action of Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Arterioles
What are the effects of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Increase effects of BP
What are some variable affects of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Increase peripheral resistance (vasoconstriction)
Increase Blood volume (decrease water loss)
Where is the site of action of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Arterioles
Kidney Tubule Cells
Where is the site of action of Aldosterone
Kidney Tubule Cells
What are the effects of Aldosterone
Increase BP
What are some variable effects of Aldosterone
Increase blood volume (decrease salt and water loss)
reabsorption of Na+ and K+ excretion
What are the two types of water reabsorption
Obligatory and Facultative
What kind of water reabsorption does Aldosterone follow
Obligatory Osmosis
What kind of water reabsorption does ADH follow
Facultative Osmosis
Nephrons are mostly found in the
Cortical Nephron 80-85%
Histology: Proximal convoluted tububle
Simple Cuboidal with microvilli
Histology: Descending limb of loop of Henle
Simple squamous
Histology: Ascending Limb of loop of Henle
Simple cuboidal to low columnar
Histology: Distal convoluted Tubule
Simple cuboidal composed of principal and intercalated cells which have microvilli
What is the Macula Densa
Detects NA+ saturation levels
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate in Males and Females
Male 125 mL/min
Female 105mL/ min
What is important of the Glomerular Blood Hydrostatic Pressure
Promotes Filtration
What are the mechanisms that regulate Glomerular Filtration Rate
Renal Autoregulation
Neural Regulation
Hormonal Regulation
What happens if the Glomerular Filtration Rate is to high
Increase speed of fluid through nephron
Unable to reabsorb substances into the urine
What happens if the Glomerular Filtration is to low
Decrease speed of fluid passage through nephron
Not enough waste products removed from the body
At what mmHg does the Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure prevents filtration
45mmHg
What is normal GBHP
55mm
What organ secretes Renin
Kidneys
What organ secretes Angiotensinogen
Liver
How is Angiotensin I created
Renin is sent to the Liver and coverts Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I
How is Angitotensin II
Angiotensin I goes to lung and ACE breaks Angiotensin I into Angiotensin II
What organ secretes Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Lungs
Where does the Angiotensin II do
Goes to Adrenal Cortex to release Aldosterone
Posterior Pituitary to increase ADH
Goes to Aterioles to vasoconstrict
Goes to hypothalamus to increase blood volume
What organ release Aldosterone
Adrenal Cortex
What does aldosterone do
Increase Na reabsorption by kidneys to assist with increase water reabsorption to increase blood volume
Increase secretion of K+ and H+
What does hormone ADH do
Increase water reabosrption by kidneys
Where does the largest amount of reabsorbtion occur
In the proximal convulated tubule
What is secreted in the Proximal Convulated Tubule
Ammonia (NH3+) and NH4+
What are the 3 layers in wall of the Ureters
Mucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia
How long is the female Urethra
3-4 cm (1.5 inches)
How long is the male Urethera
20cm (8 inches)
What are the 3 regions of the male Urethra
Prostatic Urethra
Intermediate part of the (membranous) Urethra
Spongy (penile) Urethra
What are the four task of the reproductive system
Create Gametes (male Sperm; Female Ova/Egg)
Bring the Gametes together via sexual intercourse
Combine genetic data via fertilization in a zygote
Support the fetus ( gestation) and birth of baby (parturition)
What are the gonads
Sex organs
Males: Testes
Females: Ovaries
What is the zygote
Earliest developmental stage.
Contains genetic information
Where is Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) created
Hypothalamus
What does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone target
Anterior pituitary
What does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone do
Indirectly release Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Where does the FSH and LH release from
Anterior pituitary
What does the FSH do
Females: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and production of estrogen
Males: Stimulates sperm production; stimulates spermatogenesis
What does LH do
Females: Triggers ovulation and stimulates ovarian produce of estrogen and progesterone
Males: Promotes Leydig cells testosterone production;
What does FSH and LH target
Ovaries and testies
Where is inhibin released
Released from Gonads, specifically sertoli cells:
Ovaries
Testies
What does inhibin do
Negative feedback on FSH release which leads to decrease sperm productoin
Pathway of the sperm flow through the ducts of the testes
Seminiferous tubules Straight tubules Rete testis Epididymis Ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra
What are the 3 glands that empty secretion to the ducts of the penis
Seminal Glands
Prostate
Bulbo-urethral Glands
What is the scrotum
Sac of skin that contains the testes
What does the Dartos muscle do
Wrinkles the scrotum
What does the Cremaster muscle do
Elevates the testes
What is the most outer layer of the testes called
Tunica Vaginalis
What is the fibrous capsule that surrounds the testes called
Tunica Albuginea
What is the name of the site where sperm is created
The seminiferous tubules
Where the seminiferous tubules found
inside the Tunica Albuginea
What does Leydig cells secrete
Testosterone
What does sertoli cells do
Form blood-testis barrier
Support developing sperm cells
Produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen
Secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH.
What are parts of the sperm
Head
Midpiece
Tail
Sperm: Head
Contains DNA
Sperm: Acrosome
Top of the nucleus that contains hydrolytic enzyme that assist in penetrating the egg
Sperm: Midpiece
Contains Mitochondria
Sperm: Tail
Flagellum to move the sperm
What is the negative feedback system to control blood levels of testosterone
Increase testosterone is detected
GnRH in the hypothalamus production is slowed
Decrease LH release in the anterior pituitary gland into the blood
Leydig cells in testes decrease the production of testosterone
What is seman
Milky White, somewhat sticky mixture of accessory gland secretions and sperm.
Provides a transport medium that contains nutrients, clotting proteins and antibiotic seminalplasmin
Slightly akaline, milky and sticky
What are the components of semen
Prostglandins Relaxin ATP Ingredients to suppress immune response Antibiotics Clotting factors
Seman: Prostglandins
Viscosity of mucus guarding the cervix of the vagina to decrease and facilitate reverse peristalsis
Seman: Relaxin
For sperm mobility
Seman: Clotting Factors
Coagulate and stick to the wall of the uterus.
What is the male sexual response
Erection
Ejaculation
What is the female sexual response
Increase blood flow to clitoris, vaginal mucosa, bulbs of the vestibule
Nipples become erect
Orgasm
Sexual Response: Erection
Parasympathetic reflex
NO2 is released to penile blood vessels, dilating blood vessels and increasing blood flow.
Corpus Cavernosa and Corpus Spongiosum expands
Sexual Response: Ejaculation
Sympathetic Control
Propulsion of seman from the male duct system.
Sphincter at base of bladder closes
Ductus Deferens, Prostate and Seminal Glands empty their content into prostatic urethra
Bulbospongiosus Muscles contracts to propel seman
What is orgasm
Increase HR, muscle contraction, Elevated blood pressure.
Males have a refractory period
Females can have multiple at a time
What is the Ductus deferens/Vas Deferens
transport sperm during ejaculation from the epididymis
What is the Corpus Spongiosum
Erectile tissue mass that surrounds urethra.
Covered by bulbospongiosus muscle
What is the Corpus Cavernosa
Erectile tissue mass, make most of penis.
Covered by ischiocavernosus muscle
What is the ovaries
Females gonads that produce the female gametes and sex hormones estrogen and progestrone
What are the other names for the Oviducts
Fallopian tube
Urterine Tubes
What are the 3 regions of the Fallopian Tube
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus
What is the infundibulum connected too
Fimbriae
What is the Fimbriae
Moving ciliated finger-like projections
Moves the oocyte into the uterine tube
What is the uterus
Hallow, thick-walled, muscular organ that receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum.
What are the 3 parts of the uterus
Fundus, Body, Cervix
Uterus: Fundus
Most superior portion of the Uterus
Uterus: Body
Makes up most of the Uterus
Uterus: Cervix
Narrow neck, or outlet which projects into the vagina inferiorly
What are the 3 layers that make the uterus wall
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
Uterus Wall: Perimetrium
Incomplete outermost serous layer
Uterus Wall: Myometrium
Bulky middle layer
Contains smooth muscle
Contracts rhythmically to push baby out
Uterus Wall: Endometrium
Mucosa that lines the uterine cavity
Contains 2 layers
Functional Layer
Basal Layer
Endometrium: Functional layer
Undergoes Cyclic changes in response to blood hormones and shed during menstruation
Endometrium: Basal Layer
Forms the the new functional layer
What is the Mons Pubis
Fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis
At puberty, pubic hair grows
What is the Labia Major
Hair covered fatty skin folds
Homologues to the male scrotum
What is the Labia Minor
Enclosed by the Labia major
Homologues to the spongy urethra
What is the Vagina
Thin walled tube that lies between the bladder and rectum.
Provides a passageway for delivery of an infant and for menstrual flow
What are the 3 layers of the Vagina
Outer: Adventitia
Middle: Muscularis
Inner: Mucosa marked by transverse ridges to stimulate the penis
What is the Vestibule of the Vagina
Area where the external openings of the urethra and vagina
What is the Clitoris
Small protruding structure composed of erectile tissue
Two Parts:
Glans of the Clitoris
Covered by hood fold called prepuce of the clitoris
Contains nerve endings sensitive to touch
What is the breast
Subcutaneous tissue contains mammary glands
What is the mammary gland
Modified sweat glands that a present in both sexes but only lactates in females
What is the Areola
Ring of pigmented skin
Contains sebaceous glands
produce sebum
What is the nipple
Central protruding tissue
Milk comes out
What is the Lactiferous Ducts
A duct that that opens outside of the nipple
What is the lactiferous Sinus
Where milk collects during nursing
How is the ovarian ligament anchored
Anchors Ovary medially to the uterus
How is the suspensory ligament anchored
Anchors laterally to the pelvic wall
What does the broad ligament do
Supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
What is a follicles
Functional unit of the ovary
Provides developing oocytes and cells a place to communicate
What is a primorial follice
Single layer of squamous pregranulosa cells surrounding in a primary oocyte
What is primary follice
Have a single layer of cuboidal pre granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte.
What is a secondary follice
Have multiple layers of granulosa cells surrounding a primary oocyte
What is the Vesicular (antral) follicles (Graafian Follicle)
Just before ovulation, the primary oocyte inside the vesicular follicle resumes meiosis and becomes a secondary oocyte
What is the antrum in the in the Graafian Follice
Fluid filled cavity
What is ovulation
When a follicle (egg) goes from the ovary to the fallopian tube
What is the zona pellucida
During the Primary Follicle stage, the oocytes release glycorichprotein that creates a extraceullar layer that encapsulates the oocytes
What is the Corona Radiata
During the vesicular follicle, when the oocyte is surrounded by the granulosa cells
What is cleavage
Period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote
What is Chlamydia
Bacteria
Asymptomatic
Leads to sterility from scar tissue formation
What is Gonorrhea
Bacteria
Discharge common
Blindness if newborn is infected during delivery
What is syphilis
Bacteria
Painless sores (chancre)
2nd stage all organs involved
3rd stage organ degeneration is apparent (neurosyphilis)
What is Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Virus
Most common
Genital Warts
Can assist in causing cancer
Oral contraceptive
Progestrone & Estrogen pill
Negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to prevent secretion of FSH and LH
Norplan
Surgically implanted capsules of progestin
Inhibiting ovulation for 5 years
Intrauterine Devices (IUD)
Small object made of plastic, copper or steel left in cavity of uterus
Approved for 10 years
Spermicides
Chemical substance in foam, cream, jelly or suppository that kill sperm upon contact
Vasectomy
Removal portion of the vas deferens
Tubal ligation
Uterine tubes are tied
Rhythm method
Abstaining from intercourse when secondary oocyte is likely
Withdrawal method
Withdraw before ejaculation
What is Cryptorchidism
Testes do not descend into the scrotum
Cause Sterility and greater risk of testicular cancer
In males how many functional sperms is created after Meiosis 2
4
In females how many functional eggs is created after Meiosis 2
1
What does seminiferous tubules contain
Spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoa
Supporting cells: Sertoli Cells
Spermatogonium
Stem cell 46 (2n)
What does sertoli cells do
Form blood-testis barrier
support developing sperm cells
produce fluid and control release of sperm into lumen
secrete inhibin which slows sperm production by inhibiting FSH
Primary spermatocyte is dipolid or haploid
Diploid
Spermiogenesis
maturation of spermatids into sperm cells
Spermiation
Release of sperm cell from a setoli (sustentacular) cell
What is the spermatic cord
Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus of veins Autonomic nerves Lymphatic vessels Vas Deferences/ Ducturs deferens Cremaster muscle
What does the seminal vesicles secretes
Secretes alkaline, viscous fluid
neutralizes vaginal acid & male urethra
contains fructose for ATP production
contains prostaglandins stimulate sperm motility and Viablity
Contains clotting proteins for coagulation of seman
What does prostates gland secrete
Secretes pH 6.5 fluid that:
Increases sperm motility and viability
contains citric acid for ATP production and enzymes for seminal liquefacation
Prostate gland enlarges with age
Normal sperm count
50million to 150 million/ml
What is the ampulla
Central region of tube
What is isthus
Narrowest portion joints uterus
How long does it take to fertilization
24 hours after ovulation
How long does it take for the zygote reach the uterus
7 days after ovulation
Female: Ovary
Male :Testies
Female: Bartholin’s Gland
Male: Cowper’s galnd
Female: Labia Majora
Male: Scrotum
Female: Labia Minora
Male: Ventral Penis
Female: Clitoris
Male: Penis
Female: Clitoral Hood
Male: Foreskin
Female: Clitoral Glan
Male: Glans Penis
What are the 3 layers of the uterine tube/Fallopian Tube
Mucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube: Mucosa
Ciliated columnar epithelium with secretory cells provide nutrients and cilia
Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube: Muscularis
Circular and longitudinal Smooth muscle
Uterine Tube/Fallopian Tube: Serous
Outer serous membrane
What does the ovarian ligament attach too
Anchors ovary medially to the uterus
